Topics
Map Work
Interpretation of Topographical Maps
- Map as a Tool
- Uses of Maps
- Elements (Components) of Maps
- Types of Maps
- Topographic or Ordnance Survey Maps
- Grid Reference
- Types of Grid References
- National Grid Reference
Geography of India
Contours
- Representation of Relief Features
- Contour
- Contour Interval
- Identification of Landforms Marked by Contours
- Drawing of Contours and Their Cross Sections
- Conventional Signs and Symbols
- Features on a Topo-sheet
Scales and Direction
- Map Scale
- Types of Scale
- Measuring Distance on the Map Using Scales
- Map - Direction
Map Reading and Interpretation
- Map Reading
- Primary Information or Marginal Information
- Relief Features
- Relationship Between Physical Features and Human Activities
- Analysis of Topo-sheet No. G43S7
- Analysis of Topo-sheet No. G43S10
Map of India
- Map of India
- Mountains, Peaks, Passes, and Plateaus
- Plains
- Desert
- Rivers and Water Bodies
- Indian - Location, Size and Extent
- Direction of Winds
- Distribution of Minerals and Ores
- Soil Distribution
- Indian Cities
- Distribution of Population
Location, Extent and Physical Features
- India: a Subcontinent
- Indian - Location, Size and Extent
- India’s Land and Water Frontiers
- India and the World
- Physical Divisions of India
- The North Indian Mountains
- The Himalayas
- Characteristics of Himalayas
- Significance of the Great Northern Wall
- North Indian Plains
- Significance of the Northern Indian Plains
- The Peninsular Indian Plateau
- Drainage Systems in the Peninsular India
- Significance of the Peninsular Plateau
- The Indian Coastal Plains
- Significance of the Coastal Plains
- The Indian Islands
Climate
Water Resources
- Sources of Water Resources
- Need for Conservation and Management of Water
- Fresh Water Management
- Irrigation in India
Soil Resources
- Introduction to Soils
- Types of Soils in India
- Alluvial Soil
- Black Soil
- Red Soil
- Laterite Soils
- Soil Erosion
- Causes of Soil Erosion
- Prevention of Soil Erosion
- Soil Conservation
- Types of Soil
Mineral and Energy Resources
- Uses and Distribution of Iron Ore, Manganese, Copper, Bauxite
- Classification of Minerals
- Distribution of Minerals and Energy Resources
- Types of Power Resources - Conventional Sources
- Concept of Hydel Power (Bhakra Nangal Dam and Hirakud).
- Types of Power Resources - Non-conventional Sources
Natural Vegetation
- Natural Vegetation
- Importance of Forest
- Natural Vegetation of India
- Tropical Evergreen or Rain Forests
- Tropical Deciduous Forest
- Tropical Thorny Forests and Scrubs
- Mangrove Forests (Tidal Forest)
- Mountain or Montane Forest
- Correlation of the Natural Vegetation (Forest) with the Environment
- Forest Conservation
- Measures of Forest Conservation
Agriculture
- Concept of Indian Agriculture ( Importance, Problems and Reforms.)
- Types of Farming
- Concept of Agricultural Seasons (Rabi, Kharif, Zayad).
- Climatic Conditions of Crops
- Concept of Soil Requirements
- Methods of Cultivation of Crops
- Processing and Distribution of the Crops
Manufacturing Industries
- Importance and Classification Manufacturing Industries
- Agro Based Industry - Sugar, Textile (Cotton and Silk)
- Mineral Based Industry – Iron and Steel (Tisco, Bhilai, Rourkela,Vishakhapatnam)
- Petro Chemical and Electronics
Water Resources
- Sources of Water Resources
- Need for Conservation and Management of Water
- Water Conservation Practices
- Irrigation in India
- Sources of Irrigation in India
- Well Irrigation
- Tubewell Irrigation
- Canal Irrigation
- Tank Irrigation
- Modern Irrigation Methods
- Drawbacks of Conventional Methods of Irrigation
Mineral Resources
Transport
- Importance and Modes Transport - Roadways, Railways, Airways and Waterways
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Transport
Waste Management
- Impact of Waste Accumulation - Spoilage of Landscape
- Impact of Waste Accumulation - Pollution
- Impact of Waste Accumulation - Health Hazards
- Effect on Terrestrial, Aquatic (Fresh Water and Marine) Life
- Solid Waste Management
- Need for Waste Management
- Methods of Safe Disposal - Segregation, Dumping and Composting
- Need and Methods for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Waste.
Conventional Sources of Energy
Notes
Other Features of the Himalayas
Doons
These 'doons' were originally temporary lakes formed due to the blockade of the river water coming down from above during the uplift of the Himalayas. These lakes dried up as the rivers carved out their own courses. Boulders and debris filled the lakes, transforming them into valleys. These flat valleys are located between the Himachal and Shiwalik mountain ranges. Dehra Dun, Patti, and Kota are all located in valleys with flat bottoms.
Bhabhar Areas
These are porous, gravel-ridden plains at the foot of the Himalayas, where Himalayan streams flow. These streams are only visible during the rainy season. In other seasons they get lost in the ground due to the high porosity of the surface.
Terai
It's an unusual landscape, with marshy underground seepage. Water from the Bhabhar areas seeps down into the soil and appears suddenly when the flat plains begin. As a result, it creates a swampy area. The Terai region is ill-drained and densely forested. These forests are home to many wild animals, including elephants, tigers, rhinoceros, and deer. Terai areas are more common in the east than in the west because the Eastern Himalayas receive more rainfall than the Western Himalayas. The Terai areas have now been drained, cultivated, and developed for the production of sugarcane, wheat, tea, and other crops.
Khadar and Bhangar
The new alluvium brought down by the rivers in low lying zones, which are liable to inundation during flooding and rainy
season is known as Khadar. The older alluvium in riverbeds in the form of terraces found above the flood plain level is known as Bhangar.
