Science (English Medium) इयत्ता १२ - CBSE Question Bank Solutions

Why is it found experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos in nuclear β-decay?

Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, show how one is required to generalize Ampere's circuital law to include the term due to displacement current.

What is the force of repulsion if each sphere is charged double the above amount, and the distance between them is halved?

Suppose the spheres A and B in Exercise 1.12 have identical sizes. A third sphere of the same size but uncharged is brought in contact with the first, then brought in contact with the second, and finally removed from both. What is the new force of repulsion between A and B?

(a) Consider an arbitrary electrostatic field configuration. A small test charge is placed at a null point (i.e., where E = 0) of the configuration. Show that the equilibrium of the test charge is necessarily unstable.

(b) Verify this result for the simple configuration of two charges of the same magnitude and sign placed a certain distance apart.

In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an area of 6 × 10⁻³ m² and the distance between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 100 V supply, what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor?

What is the area of the plates of a 2 F parallel plate capacitor, given that the separation between the plates is 0.5 cm? [You will realize from your answer why ordinary capacitors are in the range of µF or less. However, electrolytic capacitors do have a much larger capacitance (0.1 F) because of very minute separation between the conductors.]

The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area of 90 cm² each and are separated by 2.5 mm. The capacitor is charged by connecting it to a 400 V supply.

(a) How much electrostatic energy is stored by the capacitor?

(b) View this energy as stored in the electrostatic field between the plates, and obtain the energy per unit volume u. Hence arrive at a relation between u and the magnitude of electric field E between the plates.

Show that the force on each plate of a parallel plate capacitor has a magnitude equal to `(1/2)` QE, where Q is the charge on the capacitor, and E is the magnitude of the electric field between the plates. Explain the origin of the factor `1/2`.

A parallel plate capacitor is to be designed with a voltage rating 1 kV, using a material of dielectric constant 3 and dielectric strength about 10⁷ Vm⁻¹. (Dielectric strength is the maximum electric field a material can tolerate without breakdown, i.e., without starting to conduct electricity through partial ionisation.) For safety, we should like the field never to exceed, say 10% of the dielectric strength. What minimum area of the plates is required to have a capacitance of 50 pF?

A radioactive isotope has a half-life of T years. How long will it take the activity to reduce to a) 3.125%, b) 1% of its original value?

The normal activity of living carbon-containing matter is found to be about 15 decays per minute for every gram of carbon. This activity arises from the small proportion of radioactive `""_6^14"C"` present with the stable carbon isotope `""_6^12"C"`. When the organism is dead, its interaction with the atmosphere (which maintains the above equilibrium activity) ceases and its activity begins to drop. From the known half-life (5730 years) of `""_6^14"C"` and the measured activity, the age of the specimen can be approximately estimated. This is the principle of `""_6^14"C"` dating used in archaeology. Suppose a specimen from Mohenjodaro gives an activity of 9 decays per minute per gram of carbon. Estimate the approximate age of the Indus-Valley civilisation.

Obtain the amount of `""_27^60"Co"` necessary to provide a radioactive source of 8.0 mCi strength. The half-life of `""_27^60"Co"` is 5.3 years.

The radionuclide ¹¹C decays according to 

\[\ce{^11_6C -> ^11_5B + e+ + \text{v}}\] : T_1/2 = 20.3 min

The maximum energy of the emitted positron is 0.960 MeV.

Given the mass values: `"m"(""_6^11"C") = 11.011434 u and "m"(""_6^11"B") = 11.009305 "u"`

Calculate Q and compare it with the maximum energy of the positron emitted.

The Q value of a nuclear reaction \[\ce{A + b → C + d}\] is defined by

Q = [ m_A+ m_b− m_C− m_d]c² where the masses refer to the respective nuclei. Determine from the given data the Q-value of the following reactions and state whether the reactions are exothermic or endothermic.

\[\ce{^1_1H + ^3_1H -> ^2_1H + ^2_1H}\]

Atomic masses are given to be

`"m"(""_1^2"H")` = 2.014102 u

`"m"(""_1^3"H")` = 3.016049 u

`"m"(""_6^12"C")` = 12.000000 u

`"m"(""_10^20"Ne")` = 19.992439 u

The Q value of a nuclear reaction A + b → C + d is defined by

Q = [m_A+ m_b − m_C − m_d]c² where the masses refer to the respective nuclei. Determine from the given data the Q-value of the following reactions and state whether the reactions are exothermic or endothermic.

\[\ce{^12_6C + ^12_6C ->^20_10Ne + ^4_2He}\]

Atomic masses are given to be

`"m"(""_1^2"H")` = 2.014102 u

`"m"(""_1^3"H")` = 3.016049 u

`"m"(""_6^12C)` = 12.000000 u

`"m"(""_10^20"Ne")` = 19.992439 u

A source contains two phosphorous radio nuclides `""_15^32"P"` (T_{1/2 =} 14.3d) and `""_15^33"P"` (T_1/2 = 25.3d). Initially, 10% of the decays come from `""_15^33"P"`. How long one must wait until 90% do so?

Under certain circumstances, a nucleus can decay by emitting a particle more massive than an α-particle. Consider the following decay processes:

\[\ce{^223_88Ra -> ^209_82Pb + ^14_6C}\]

\[\ce{^223_88 Ra -> ^219_86 Rn + ^4_2He}\]

Calculate the Q-values for these decays and determine that both are energetically allowed.

A radioactive nucleus 'A' undergoes a series of decays as given below:

The mass number and atomic number of A₂ are 176 and 71 respectively. Determine the mass and atomic numbers of A₄ and A.