Revision: Trade OCM HSC Commerce (English Medium) 11th Standard Maharashtra State Board

1.  According to Philip Kotler, “Wholesaling includes all activities involved in selling goods or services to those who buy for resale or for business use.”
2. According to Evelyn Thomas, “A true wholesaler is himself neither a manufacturer nor a retailer but acts as a link between the two.”

1. According to Oxford Dictionary, “Retail is the sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.”
2. According to William Stanton, “Retail Trade includes all activities directly related to the sale of goods and services to the ultimate consumer for personal and non-business use.”

1. According to James Stephenson, “A big store engaged in the retail trade of a variety of articles under the same roof.”
2.  According to G. B. Giles: “A departmental store is a collection of shops under one roof and ownership, each shop or department specializing in selling a special range of goods.”

“A large store selling a wide variety of consumer goods, particularly food and small articles of household requirements.”

1. According to James Stephenson, “A Chain store shops consists of a number of similar shops owned by a single business firm.”
2. According to Clark and Clark:
   “Chain stores system consists of a number of retail store, which sell similar products are centrally owned and operated under one management.”

A One-Price Shop is a type of fixed retailer where all items are sold at a single predetermined price (e.g., ₹49 or ₹99). Customers cannot negotiate, ensuring transparency and uniformity in pricing.

The exchange of goods, services, and capital between countries and regions is referred to as International trade.

• Internal trade happens within a country’s borders.
• It includes two main types: wholesale and retail trade.
• Wholesalers purchase in bulk and sell to retailers, who in turn sell to consumers.
• The channel of distribution connects producers with consumers.
• Internal trade supports economic growth and development.