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प्रश्न
The term irony refers to a discrepancy, or disagreement, of some sort. The
discrepancy can be between what someone says and what he or she really
means. on verbal irony. The discrepancy can be between a situation that one
would logically anticipate or that would seem appropriate and the situation that
actually develops or situational irony. The discrepancy can even be between the
facts known to a character and the facts known to us, the readers or audience or
dramatic irony.
Working in groups of four complete the following table. Find instances of irony from the play
and justify them.
| Extract | Justification |
| I believe you want to convert me; save my soul, don’t you call it? Well, it’s no good………. see? I don’t want any damned religion. ● ________________________________ ●_________________________________ |
Later, the convict says, “its a queer thing to ask, but-could you, would you bless me before I go.” ●______________________________ ●______________________________ |
| ● Why the devil do you leave the window unshuttered and the door unbarred so that anyone can come in? ’ ●__________________________________ ●__________________________________ |
If the door had been barred the convict couldn’t have entered the house. ______________________________ ●______________________________ |
| ● My mother gave them to me on………………………. on her death bed just after you were bom, and…………….. and she asked me to keep them in remembrance of her, so I would like to keep them. ● _______________________________ ● _______________________________ |
Later he hands the convict the candlesticks and tells him to start a new life. ● _________________________ ● __________________________ |
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उत्तर
| Extract | Justification |
| I believe you want to convert me; save my soul, don’t you call it? Well, it’s no good………. see? I don’t want any damned religion. ● Stay, my son, you have forgotten your property. ● I was sentenced to ten years in the prison hulks, ten years in HelL |
Later, the convict says, “it’s a queer thing to ask, but-could you, would you bless me before I go. ” ● The situation becomes ironical because earlier Bishop teUs Persome, “I don’t want to sdl them.” ● It is ironical that the prison which should reform a person has turned into hell for him. |
| ● Why the devil do you leave the window unshuttered and the door unbarred so that anyone can come in? ’ ● They feed you inhelL When you escape from it you starve. ● They caught me. I pleaded to them. I told them why I stole, but they laughed at me. |
If the door had been barred the convict couldn’t have entered the house. ● It is quite ironical that one is fed in hell but starves when comes out of it● It is quite sad that the police can be an instrument of repression and blind to human misery. |
| ● My mother gave them to me on on her death bed just after you were bom, and…………. and she asked me to keep them in remembrance of her, so I would like to keep them. ’ ● this gentleman is my very good friend. ● You are like a child. |
Later he hands the convict the candlesticks and tells him to start a new life. ● It is ironical that the Bishop calls the convict a friend who steals his candlesticks. ● It is ironical that child-like innocence of the Bishop saves the convict |
APPEARS IN
संबंधित प्रश्न
Answer the following question briefly.
Describe John A. Pescud with reference to the following points:
- Physical appearance
- His philosophy on behaviour
- His profession
- His first impression of his wife
- His success
Answer the following questions:
The poem has many examples of alliteration. List any five examples.
On the basis of your understanding of the poem, answer the following question
by ticking the correct choice.
The speaker says that she has paved the way for cavities and decay by __________.
The poet draws conclusions about the family without having met them. He does this in lines such as :
Something went wrong, says the empty house
in the weed-choked yard ...
This is a style of English that is very suitable for a poem. But in ordinary speech or writing we use expressions such as :
|
So it is Therefore it is |
probable likely possible |
that |
| It |
seems appears |
that....... | because..... |
| This suggests that ... |
For example, we could say :
• There are large shoes in the farmhouse. So it is likely that the farmer was a big man.
• It seems that they had a child, because there is a sandbox made from a tractor tyre.
• The kitchen shelves were covered with oil cloth. This suggests that a woman lived in the farmhouse.
Make other sentences like this, using ideas from the poem.
Discuss in groups
What would you do in the following situations? Give reasons for your answer
If you were travelling by bus and you saw someone pick another passenger's
pocket.
- If you found a wallet on the road.
- If you were in a shop and you saw a well-dressed lady shoplifting.
- If your best friend is getting involved with an undesirable set of friends.
- If you were in school and you saw one of your class-mates steal another child's
pen.
Imagine that you are on an uninhabited island with a group of children of your age. In groups of four, discuss and enumerate the strategies that will be adopted by you to survive. You can think on the following lines :
| food | protection against animals |
| shelter | life-skills (problem-solving, decision-making) |
| means of escape | protection against harsh weather conditions |
Choose three ‘since’ expressions and three ‘for’ expressions from the table above. Then write six sentences using the pattern in the box below.
I haven’t seen him since the day before yesterday.
I have not seen him for ages.
During your discussions in groups, and in your individual written report, you will find the following language useful :
GROUP DISCUSSION
When recommending
| I | Propose suggest recommend |
that..... |
| what about ? why don't we....... |
| we could think |
consider...... about......... |
WRITTEN REPORT
When recommending
| I |
propose |
that..... |
| I strongly recommend that ........ |
| I urge the commision to ....... |
| It is | recommended proposed |
that.... |
| My | recommendation proposal |
is that...... |
When giving reasons
| ................. as .............. ................because ......... ..............since ............... |
| My reason is that .................... |
When giving reasons
| ................. as .............. ................because ......... ..............since ............... |
| My reason is that....................... In view of the fact that.............. |
Answer the following question by ticking the correct option :
What was the tiger's counter-argument?
Will and Shall
Look at this cartoon which shows the difference in the use of present continuous and will to express the future.
It’s Mike’s birthday on January 2nd.
Write the contracted forms. Practise saying these words.
e.g. ought not to – oughtn’t to.
- cannot _______
- need not _______
- should not _______
- must not _______
- do not _______
- did not _______
Look at the following pair of sentences. Underline the modals and discuss why each one is used in that sentence.
e.g.
I must not take those pills. (I’m not allowed.)
I need not take those pills. (It is not compulsory but I may if I wish.)
(b) I needn’t go to the meeting if I don’t wish to.
2. (a) I can swim a length of the pool.
(b) I can swim in the pool on Saturdays.
3. (a) You ought to get a nice present for her.
(b) You have to get a nice present for her.
4. (a) Can I go to the toilet?
(b) May I be excused?
5. (a) I may come tomorrow if I have the time.
(b) I might come tomorrow but it’s going to be difficult.
Did you know?
Modals are a small group of verbs that are used to express possibility,
probability, capability, capacity, ability, obligation and predictions.
Some of the modals you learnt in this unit are
can
may
shall
could
might
should
Need, dare, had better are also modals.
Understanding Modals:
Modal Auxiliaries
A modal verb or auxiliary verb is a verb, which modifies another verb, so that
the modified verb has more intention in its expression. In essence the modal
verb expresses modality, the way in which something is being said.
The main modals are
Can: could; may: might; shall: should; will: would: must; ought to; need to;
have to.
The negative modals are
Couldn't; wouldn't; shouldn't; mustn't; needn't; oughtn't/ ought not to
| Modal | Examples | Uses |
| Can/ can't |
She can read and write It can rain today Can I borrow your pen? Can you lend me your notes? Can I carry your books? |
ability possibility /probability seeking permission request offer |
| Could/ couldn't |
Could I borrow your book? Could you please help me with this sum? We could go for a picnic on Sunday I think you could come first this time There was a time when I could work round the clock. |
seeking permission request suggestion possibility/ probability past ability |
| May |
May I have some water? May I help you? May I shut the door? India may become a super power by 2020. May God bless you |
request offer permission possibility/ probability wish/ desire |
| Might | They might sell their house as they need the money. | future possibility/ probability |
| Will /Won't |
It is very cold so I will stay at home. I will help you if you wish. Will you look after my dog for a day? It will rain tonight. I will get you a shawl from Srinagar. |
intention offer request prediction promise |
| Would/Wouldn't |
Would you mind if I come over tonight? Would five o'clock suit you? Yes it would. Would you pass the salt? Would you come to my party? Would you prefer tea or coffee? |
permission making arrangements request invitation preference
|
| Shall |
Shall I help you? Shall we meet at 3.00 pm outside Bakshi Stadium? |
offer making arrangements |
| Should |
We should check the timings of the train. You should listen to the advice of your elders. |
recommended action advice |
| Ought to |
You ought to do your duty. The bus ought to be here any minute |
advice probability |
| Must/mustn't |
We must make a move now. You mustn't tell lies. |
obligation necessity |
| Need |
He need not go to the market. You need to lose weight. I need to get the groceries. |
necessity compulsion insistence |
Passives in Headlines and Notices
Headlines.
Newspaper headlines are short and crisp. They often use the passive as it may
not be necessary to focus on the doer.
| Sales Tax Increased |
Expand the following headlines using passives as shown.
a) Oscar award for A.R. Rahman's Jai Ho
A.R. Rahman was awarded the Oscar for his song Jai Ho in the movie Slumdog
Millionaire.
(b) Son of business tycoon kidnapped
_____________________________________________
(c) Explosive found near Regal Cinema
_____________________________________________
Look at the notes below. Then use the information to complete the paragraph by choosing a suitable word or phrase in each space.
Bishnois – always – nature worshippers – 1730 A.D. – Maharja Abhay Singh’s men – fell – khejri trees – Amrita Devi – hug a tree – protested – insisted – to cut her head first – men obliged – Amrita – a legend.
Bishnois have (a) ____________. In 1730 A.D. Maharaja Abhay Singh’s (b) ____________ fell Khajri trees. Amrita Devi, a true Bishnoi, (c) ____________ and expressed (d) ____________. She insisted that if they wanted to cut the tree (e) ____________. The unrelenting men of the Maharaja obliged her and the (f) ____________.
| (a) (i) always been regarded as nature worshippers (ii) always been called as nature worshippers (iii) always knew nature worshippers (iv) always done nature worshippers |
(b) (i) men coming to (ii) men started (iii) men began to (iv) men came to |
(c) (i) hug a tree (ii) hugging a tree (iii) hugged a tree (iv) hugs a tree |
| (d) (i) his protest (ii) her protest (iii) their protest (iv) protesting |
(e) (i) they may cut her head first (ii) they would have to cut her head first (iii) they can cut her head first (iv) they should cut her head first |
(f) (i) woman became a legend (ii) woman becomes a legend (iii) women became a legend (iv) woman read a legend |
Complete the table for the story you have read. By asking and answering questions, exchange information with your partner (for the story you have not read) and complete the other half of the table.
| Name | Shravan | Narendra |
| Age | ||
| Parents | ||
| How he spends a typical day | ||
| Recreation / hobbies | ||
| Hopes / dreams / ambitions |
Ravi has a problem, so he asks his friends for advice. Read the conversation below and underline the expressions that are used for giving advice. (This could be done as role-play)
Ravi : My neighbours play very loud music, which disturbs me when I'm studying.
Mohan: Why don't you try persuading them to turn down the volume?
Shiela: If that doesn't work you could think of changing your study time.
Rahim: Why should Ravi have to do that? He really ought to report such antisocial behaviour to the police.
Shiela: Before taking drastic action like that, I would advise you to sort it out amicably with your neighbours.
Rahim: If l were you, I would play my music even louder!
Mohan: That won't solve his problem. Ravi, I think you should ask your father to take it up with your neighours.
Impressed by your performance on Sports Day, the Chief Guest (an omcial of the Sports Club of India) decides to offer you a sports scholarship. Write an email to a friend about your performance and the scholarship offered.
A student from a lower class asks you to help her illustrate for her class, the use of different prepositions.
In groups of four, choose one of the following lists of prepositions and draw simple pictures to illustrate their meaning.
| Time | Place | Movement |
| since | on | through |
| at | in | along |
| until | behind | across |
| for | beside | down |
| after | above | round |
This description is taken from a well-known film. Can you guess which one?
A man in a red cape and blue tights is flying over a city. On his chest is the letter S. Below him a large crowd is pointing up at him.
Imagine a scene from a play, film or TV show you have seen.
Describe (a) where things and people are, and (b) any movement. Follow the example.
Show your description to your partner. Guess each other’s play or film.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
