Advertisements
Advertisements
प्रश्न
Prove that the number of subsets of a set containing n distinct elements is 2n, for all n \[\in\] N .
Advertisements
उत्तर
\[\text{ Let the given statement be defined as } P\left( n \right): \text {The number of subsets of a set containing n distinct elements } = 2^n ,\text{ for all n } \in N . \]
\[\text{ Step I: For n } = 1, \]
\[\text { LHS = As, the subsets of a set containing only 1 element are: } \phi \text{ and the set itself } . \]
\[\text{ i . e . the number of subsets of a set containing only 1 element } = 2\]
\[\text{ RHS } = 2^1 = 2\]
\[\text{ As, LHS = RHS } \]
\[\text{ So, it is true for n } = 1 . \]
\[\text{ Step II: For n = k } , \]
\[\text{ Let } P\left( k \right): \text{ The number of subsets of a set containing k distinct elements } = 2^k , \text{ be true for some k } \in N . \]
\[\text{ Step III: For n } = k + 1, \]
\[P\left( k + 1 \right): \]
\[\text{ Let } A = \left\{ a_1 , a_2 , a_3 , . . . , a_k , b \right\} \text{ so that A has } \left( k + 1 \right) \text{ elements .} \]
\[\text{ So, the subset of A can be divided into two collections; first contains subsets of A which don't have b in them and } \]
\[ \text{ the second contains subsets of A which do have b in them } . \]
\[i . e . \]
\[\text{ First collection: } \left\{ \right\}, \left\{ a_1 \right\}, \left\{ a_1 , a_2 \right\}, \left\{ a_1 , a_2 , a_3 \right\}, . . . , \left\{ a_1 , a_2 , a_3 , . . . , a_k \right\} \text{ and } \]
\[\text { Second collection } : \left\{ b \right\}, \left\{ a_1 , b \right\}, \left\{ a_1 , a_2 , \right\}, \left\{ a_1 , a_2 , a_3 , b \right\}, . . . , \left\{ a_1 , a_2 , a_3 , . . . , a_k , b \right\}\]
\[\text{ It can be clearly seen that: } \]
\[\text{ The number of subsets of A in first collection = The number of subsets of set with k elements i . e } . \left\{ a_1 , a_2 , a_3 , . . . , a_k \right\} = 2^k \left( \text{ Using step II } \right)\]
\[\text{ Also, it follows that the second collection must have the same number of the subsets as that of the first } = 2^k \]
\[\text{ So, the total number of subsets of } A = 2^k + 2^k = 2 \times 2^k = 2^{k + 1} .\]
Hence, the number of subsets of a set containing n distinct elements is 2n , for all n \[\in\] N .
APPEARS IN
संबंधित प्रश्न
Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all n ∈ N:
Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all n ∈ N:
Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all n ∈ N:
(1+3/1)(1+ 5/4)(1+7/9)...`(1 + ((2n + 1))/n^2) = (n + 1)^2`
Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all n ∈ N:
Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all n ∈ N: n (n + 1) (n + 5) is a multiple of 3.
If P (n) is the statement "n(n + 1) is even", then what is P(3)?
If P (n) is the statement "n2 − n + 41 is prime", prove that P (1), P (2) and P (3) are true. Prove also that P (41) is not true.
Give an example of a statement P(n) which is true for all n ≥ 4 but P(1), P(2) and P(3) are not true. Justify your answer.
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = \[\frac{n(n + 1)}{2}\] i.e. the sum of the first n natural numbers is \[\frac{n(n + 1)}{2}\] .
1 + 3 + 32 + ... + 3n−1 = \[\frac{3^n - 1}{2}\]
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n − 1) = n2 i.e., the sum of first n odd natural numbers is n2.
\[\frac{1}{1 . 4} + \frac{1}{4 . 7} + \frac{1}{7 . 10} + . . . + \frac{1}{(3n - 2)(3n + 1)} = \frac{n}{3n + 1}\]
2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + ... + (3n − 1) = \[\frac{1}{2}n(3n + 1)\]
12 + 32 + 52 + ... + (2n − 1)2 = \[\frac{1}{3}n(4 n^2 - 1)\]
11n+2 + 122n+1 is divisible by 133 for all n ∈ N.
Prove that n3 - 7n + 3 is divisible by 3 for all n \[\in\] N .
Prove that 1 + 2 + 22 + ... + 2n = 2n+1 - 1 for all n \[\in\] N .
x2n−1 + y2n−1 is divisible by x + y for all n ∈ N.
\[\text{ Given } a_1 = \frac{1}{2}\left( a_0 + \frac{A}{a_0} \right), a_2 = \frac{1}{2}\left( a_1 + \frac{A}{a_1} \right) \text{ and } a_{n + 1} = \frac{1}{2}\left( a_n + \frac{A}{a_n} \right) \text{ for } n \geq 2, \text{ where } a > 0, A > 0 . \]
\[\text{ Prove that } \frac{a_n - \sqrt{A}}{a_n + \sqrt{A}} = \left( \frac{a_1 - \sqrt{A}}{a_1 + \sqrt{A}} \right) 2^{n - 1} .\]
Show by the Principle of Mathematical induction that the sum Sn of then terms of the series \[1^2 + 2 \times 2^2 + 3^2 + 2 \times 4^2 + 5^2 + 2 \times 6^2 + 7^2 + . . .\] is given by \[S_n = \binom{\frac{n \left( n + 1 \right)^2}{2}, \text{ if n is even} }{\frac{n^2 \left( n + 1 \right)}{2}, \text{ if n is odd } }\]
Prove by method of induction, for all n ∈ N:
2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 2n = n (n+1)
Prove by method of induction, for all n ∈ N:
`1/(3.5) + 1/(5.7) + 1/(7.9) + ...` to n terms = `"n"/(3(2"n" + 3))`
Prove by method of induction, for all n ∈ N:
(24n−1) is divisible by 15
Prove by method of induction, for all n ∈ N:
(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos (nθ) + i sin (nθ)
Prove by method of induction, for all n ∈ N:
`[(1, 2),(0, 1)]^"n" = [(1, 2"n"),(0, 1)]` ∀ n ∈ N
Answer the following:
Prove, by method of induction, for all n ∈ N
2 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ... + (n + 1)2n–1 = n.2n
Answer the following:
Prove by method of induction loga xn = n logax, x > 0, n ∈ N
The distributive law from algebra says that for all real numbers c, a1 and a2, we have c(a1 + a2) = ca1 + ca2.
Use this law and mathematical induction to prove that, for all natural numbers, n ≥ 2, if c, a1, a2, ..., an are any real numbers, then c(a1 + a2 + ... + an) = ca1 + ca2 + ... + can.
Let P(n): “2n < (1 × 2 × 3 × ... × n)”. Then the smallest positive integer for which P(n) is true is ______.
State whether the following proof (by mathematical induction) is true or false for the statement.
P(n): 12 + 22 + ... + n2 = `(n(n + 1) (2n + 1))/6`
Proof By the Principle of Mathematical induction, P(n) is true for n = 1,
12 = 1 = `(1(1 + 1)(2*1 + 1))/6`. Again for some k ≥ 1, k2 = `(k(k + 1)(2k + 1))/6`. Now we prove that
(k + 1)2 = `((k + 1)((k + 1) + 1)(2(k + 1) + 1))/6`
Prove the statement by using the Principle of Mathematical Induction:
32n – 1 is divisible by 8, for all natural numbers n.
Prove the statement by using the Principle of Mathematical Induction:
For any natural number n, xn – yn is divisible by x – y, where x and y are any integers with x ≠ y.
Prove the statement by using the Principle of Mathematical Induction:
n(n2 + 5) is divisible by 6, for each natural number n.
Prove that, cosθ cos2θ cos22θ ... cos2n–1θ = `(sin 2^n theta)/(2^n sin theta)`, for all n ∈ N.
Prove that, sinθ + sin2θ + sin3θ + ... + sinnθ = `((sin ntheta)/2 sin ((n + 1))/2 theta)/(sin theta/2)`, for all n ∈ N.
If 10n + 3.4n+2 + k is divisible by 9 for all n ∈ N, then the least positive integral value of k is ______.
If P(n): 2n < n!, n ∈ N, then P(n) is true for all n ≥ ______.
