- Apex & Guardian Court: Supreme Court is the highest court of India and the guardian of the Constitution, ensuring rule of law and democracy.
- Single Integrated Judiciary: Heads a unified judicial system with High Courts and subordinate courts; its decisions bind all courts.
- Independence of Judiciary: Judges have secure tenure, fixed salaries, difficult removal (impeachment), and protection from executive or legislative pressure.
- Wide Jurisdiction: Exercises Original (Centre–State disputes, Fundamental Rights), Appellate (civil, criminal, constitutional cases), Advisory, Revisional, and Special Leave jurisdiction.
- Judicial Review: Can declare laws and executive actions unconstitutional (ultra vires) if they violate the Constitution.
- Protector of Fundamental Rights: Direct access to citizens; issues writs—Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo-warranto.
- Court of Record: Judgments act as precedents for all courts and it can punish for contempt of court.
Topics
The First War of Independence, 1857
- Early Resistance to British Rule in India
- Causes of First War of Independence
- Political Causes
- Socio-Religious Causes
- Economic Causes
- Military Causes
- Immediate Cause
- Beginning of the Uprising
- Main Events of 1857
- Consequences of the First War of Independence
- Drawbacks of the First War of Independence
- Nature of the War
The Union Parliament
- Federal Setup in India
- Non-Federal or Unitary Features
- The Union Parliament
- Lok Sabha
- Parliamentary Procedures of Lok Sabha
- Speaker of the Lok Sabha
- Role and Functions of the Speaker
- Rajya Sabha
- Powers and Functions of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha
- Relationship and Differences Between the Two Houses of Parliament
- Revocation of Articles 370 and 35A: Origin, Abrogation, and Key Differences
The Indian National Movement (1857 – 1917)
Growth of Nationalism
- Growth of Nationalism in India
- Factors Leading to the Growth of Nationalism
- Economic Exploitation
- Repressive Colonial Policies
- Socio-Religious Reform Movements
- Effects of Socio-Religious Reform Movements on the Growth of Nationalism
- Role of the Press
- Precursors of the Indian National Congress
- Formation of the Indian National Congress
- Aims of the Indian National Congress
- Sessions of the Congress
The President and The Vice-President
- The President of India
- Qualifications for Election as President
- Composition of the Electoral College
- Manner of Election
- Reasons for Indirect Election
- Procedure for Impeachment of the President
- Powers of the President of India > Executive Powers
- Powers of the President of India > Diplomatic Powers
- Powers of the President of India > Legislative Powers
- Powers of the President of India > Financial Powers
- Powers of the President of India > Military Powers
- Powers of the President of India > Judicial Powers
- Powers of the President of India > Discretionary Powers
- Powers of the President of India > Emergency Powers
- The Vice-President
- Powers and Functions of the Vice-President of India
Mass Phase of the National Movement (1915 – 1947)
First Phase of the Indian National Movement
The Contemporary World
Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
The Supreme Court
Second Phase of the Indian National Movement
- Partition of Bengal (1905) under Lord Curzon
- Causes of Partition of Bengal
- The Anti-Partition Movement
- Impact of the Anti-Partition Movement
- Surat Split of 1907
- The Assertive Nationalists
- Methods of Assertive Nationalists
- Comparison Between Early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists
- Achievements of Assertive Nationalists
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Leader of Assertive Nationalism (1856–1920)
- Bipin Chandra Pal: Leader of Assertive Nationalism (1858–1932)
- Lala Lajpat Rai: Leader of Assertive Nationalism (1865–1928)
The Union Legislature
The Muslim League
- Early Growth of Communalism in India
- Events Leading to the Formation of the Muslim League
- Factors Leading to the Formation of the Muslim League
- Formation of Muslim League
- Aims and Objectives of the Muslim League
- Impact of the Muslim League on the National Movement
- The Lucknow Pact
- Terms of the Lucknow Pact
- Significance of the Lucknow Pact
- Drawbacks of the Lucknow Pact
The Union Executive
The High Courts and Subordinate Courts
The Judiciary
Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Movement
- Economic Suffering and the Rise of Gandhi
- Early Life of Mahatma Gandhi
- Gandhiji's Methods and Directions
- Non-Cooperation Movement
- Causes that Led to the Non-Cooperation Movement
- Objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- Programmes of Non-Cooperation Movement
- Activities During Non-Cooperation Movement
- Repression by the Government
- Suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- Impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement
- Factors Leading Upto Civil Disobedience Movement
- Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
- Round Table Conference
- Impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement
- Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar's Contribution
Quit India Movement
Forward Bloc and The INA
Independence and Partition of India
- The Wavell Plan: A Step Towards Constitutional Resolution
- Events that Led to the Cabinet Mission
- Cabinet Mission in India
- Clauses of Cabinet Mission Plan
- Rejection of the Demand for Pakistan
- Reaction to the Cabinet Mission Plan
- Conflict Between Congress and Muslim League
- Mountbatten Plan
- The Indian Independence Act, 1947
- Independence by an Act of Legislation
The First World War
Rise of Dictatorships
The Second World War
United Nations
- Reasons for the Establishment of the United Nations
- The United Nations: Foundation, Objectives, and Global Framework
- Organs of the United Nations > The General Assembly
- Organs of the United Nations >The Security Council
- Organs of the United Nations >International Court of Justice
- Major Organs of the United Nations
Major Agencies of the United Nations
Non-Aligned Movement
CISCE: Class 10
