- Income alone is not enough to measure real development.
- Public facilities like schools, hospitals and clean water are essential for a good quality of life.
- The government can provide many services more efficiently than individuals.
- Health and education are important indicators of development.
- Kerala performs better in development because it has strong public facilities.
- Infant mortality rate reflects the quality of healthcare in a region.
- The Human Development Index measures development using income, health and education.
Definitions [6]
Define the term development.
In the life history of a cell, organ, or organism, development can be defined as a process that involves growth, differentiation, and maturation in a predictable sequence, such as seed germination, growth differentiation, flowering, seed production, and senescence.
Definition: Per Capital Income
The average income of the country is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income.
Definition: Infant Mortality Rate
Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Definition: Literacy Rate
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group.
Definition: Net Attendance Ratio
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group of 15-17 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
Definitions: Non-renewable Resources
Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after a few years of use.
Key Points
Key Points: Comparing Countries or States
- Countries are compared to understand their level of development.
- Income is an important indicator of development because higher income allows people to meet basic needs.
- Total income is not useful for comparison, so per capita income is used.
- Per capita income is the average income of a country’s people.
- Average income helps comparison, but it does not show how income is distributed among people.
Key Points: Concept of Development
- Development means improving the quality of life and fulfilling people’s needs and aspirations.
- People have different ideas about how they want to live and how a country should develop.
- Development aims to make life better for all and reduce inequality in society.
- It involves thinking about important questions and ways to achieve common goals.
- Democratic political processes help turn ideas of development into reality.
Key Points: Different People, Different Goals
- Different people have different ideas of development based on their needs and situations.
- What is development for one person may not be development for another.
- People’s goals depend on factors like occupation, income, gender, and place of living.
- Development can sometimes benefit one group while harming another group.
- Therefore, development goals can be conflicting and vary from person to person.
Key Points: Income and Other Goals
- People want higher income through regular work, better wages, and fair prices for their products.
- Development is not only about income but also about equality, freedom, security, and respect.
- Material goods are important, but non-material goals like friendship, dignity, and safety also improve the quality of life.
- Different jobs may offer different benefits, such as high income, job security, or a good work environment, and people value these differently.
- Therefore, development means achieving a mix of goals, not just earning more money.
Key Points: National Development
- People have different ideas about national development.
- Students may give different answers about what development means for a country.
- National development should consider the needs of many people.
- Conflicting ideas about development need fair and just solutions.
- True national development benefits the maximum number of people.
Key Points: Public Facilities
Key Points: Income and Other Criteria
- Development is not measured only by income; other factors like health, education and equality are also important.
- Per capita income shows average income, but it does not show how income is distributed among people.
- Haryana has the highest per capita income, while Kerala performs better in social indicators like literacy and health.
- Kerala has a low infant mortality rate and high literacy, showing better quality of life than Bihar and Haryana.
- Bihar has low per capita income, high infant mortality and low school attendance, showing poor human development.
Key Points: Sustainability of Development
- Sustainable development means meeting present needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
- Scientists warn that the current pattern of development is not sustainable.
- Groundwater in India is being overused, and in many areas it is depleting rapidly.
- Renewable resources like groundwater can also be exhausted if they are overused.
- Non-renewable resources such as crude oil are limited and will be exhausted in the future.
- Environmental problems affect all countries and do not follow national boundaries.
- Sustainable development requires careful use and conservation of natural resources.
Important Questions [10]
- Read the following statements about Human Development and choose the correct option: It is the composite Index prepared by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
- “Different persons can have different developmental goals.” Support the statement with an example.
- Which one of the following is a developmental goal of the factory workers?
- Why could different persons have different notions of a country’s development? Explain with examples.
- Which one of the following organizations prepares the 'World Development Report'?
- Assume there are four families in a locality. If the income of each family is ₹ 6,000, ₹ 4000, ₹ 7,000 and ₹ 3,000 then find out the average income of the locality from the following options:
- Read the following data and answer the question that follow: Some comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar State lnfant Mortality Rate (per thousand person)
- On which of the following basis does the United nations Development Programme (UNDP) publish the Human Development Report?
- Which of the following countries has better rank in Human Development Index?
- Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
