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Revision: Key Concepts and Issues since 1991: Globalisation Political Science HSC Arts (English Medium) 12th Standard Board Exam Maharashtra State Board

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Key Points

Key Points: Globalisation
  • Globalisation means the world has become more interconnected.
  • Technology has made communication and education easier across countries.
  • Goods moving freely between nations.
  • Events in one part of the world affect people in other regions.
  • Economic, political, social, and cultural changes are closely interconnected. 
Key Points: Ideological Issues
  • During the Cold War, countries were divided into socialist and capitalist ideological blocs.
  • Political ideology strongly influenced a country’s economic system.
  • India followed a mixed economic system combining socialism and capitalism.
  • Market economy has become the dominant system worldwide.
  • Countries follow different forms of market economybased on their ideology.
Key Points: Social and Cultural Issues of Globalisation
  • Global awareness: Media and internet increased awareness about global events and cultures.
  • Global cosmopolitan culture: A mixed global culture has developed, mainly influenced by the West.
  • Change in lifestyles: Food, dress and festivals have become more modern and westernised.
  • Rise of individualism: Urbanisation has weakened traditional family systems and increased materialism.
  • Positive effects: Globalisation created jobs, opportunities and better connectivity.
  • Negative effects: Fear of harm to welfare policies, small businesses and farmers.
  • Role of the State: The State must protect core values and support weaker sections.
Key Points: Economic Issues
  • Free flow of capital: After the 1990s, money started moving freely across countries, increasing investments.
  • Foreign investment in India: Foreign companies invested in India’s infrastructure and consumer sectors.
  • Need for foreign capital: India accepted foreign investment due to limited domestic resources.
  • Change in trade rules: GATT was replaced by WTO in 1995 to promote global trade.
  • Expansion of trade: Trade expanded to services like banking, insurance and intellectual property.
  • Containerisation: Container ships made transport faster, cheaper and efficient.
  • Rise of multinational companies: MNCs started operating in many countries, increasing global business.
  • Impact on labour and agriculture: Globalisation created jobs, migration and new markets for Indian farm products.
Key Points: Key Economic Terms
  • Multinational Company (MNC): A company operating in many countries but controlled from one home country.
  • Transnational Corporation (TNC): A borderless company with no fixed home country or headquarters.
  • Service Sector: The third economic sector that provides services like catering, security, and housekeeping. 
Key Points: Political Issues
  • Importance of Democracy: Globalisation has promoted participatory and citizen-centered governance.
  • Position of the State: The State’s role is challenged by global markets, international laws and internal issues.
  • Role of Non-State Actors: NGOs like Amnesty and Greenpeace influence global human rights issues.
  • Human Rights Debate: Developing countries stress economic development before civil and political rights.
  • Sovereignty under Challenge: International treaties and global issues limit state sovereignty.
  • State Still Important: The State remains strong through its institutions and protects national interests.
Key Points: Technology
  • Rapid technological growth since the 1990s transformed global communication.
  • Satellite TV, mobile phones, and the internet revolutionised daily life.
  • Media in India expanded from Doordarshan to multiple private TV channels
  • Communication shifted from trunk calls to widespread mobile connectivity.
  • The internet enabled instant global connection and information sharing.
  • Social media platforms like WhatsApp and Instagram increased social networking.
  • Technology helped transnational groups and organisations operate across borders. 

Important Questions [24]

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