Question

The Mahabharata describes how, when war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas became almost inevitable, Gandhari made one last appeal to her eldest son Duryodhana: By making peace you honour your father and me, as well as your well-wishers … it is the wise man in control of his senses who guards his kingdom. Greed and anger drag a man away from his profits; by defeating these two enemies a king conquers the earth … You will happily enjoy the earth, my son, along with the wise and heroic Pandavas … There is no good in a war, no law (dharma) and profit (artha), let alone happiness; nor is there (necessarily) victory in the end – don’t set your mind on war … Duryodhana did not listen to this advice and fought and lost the war.

Does this passage give you an idea about the way in which mothers were viewed in early Indian societies?

Answer 1

Yes, this passage shows that mothers held high moral authority but lacked binding political power in early Indian societies. While their wisdom was deeply respected, their advice could ultimately be ignored within a patriarchal framework.

1. High Moral and Ethical Status
   • Consulted during critical state crises.
   • Positioned as guardians of Dharma.
   • Acted as voice of reason.
   • Allowed to advise future kings.
   • Expected to guide family honour.
2. Limitations of Patriarchal Power
   • Advice was completely non-binding.
   • Ultimate decisions lay with men.
   • Sons could reject mother’s counsel.
   • Political power remained strictly patrilineal.
3. Views on Statecraft and Welfare
   • Valued long-term peace over greed.
   • Prioritised family unity over conflict.
   • Understood psychological flaws of rulers.