हिंदी

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976.i. Obtain trend values for the above data using 5-yearly moving averages. ii. Plot the original time series

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प्रश्न

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Production
(Million Barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10

i. Obtain trend values for the above data using 5-yearly moving averages.
ii. Plot the original time series and trend values obtained above on the same graph.

योग
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उत्तर

i.

Year
t
Production (millions of barrels) yt 5–yearly
moving total
5–yearly moving averages trend value
1962 0 – –
1963 0 – –
1964 1 4 0.8
1965 1 7 1.4
1966 2 11 2.2
1967 3 15 3
1968 4 20 4
1969 5 25 5
1970 6 30 6
1971 7 35 7
1972 8 38 7.6
1973 9 41 8.2
1974 8 44 8.8
1975 9 – –
1976 10 – –

ii.
Taking year on X-axis and production trend on Y-axis, we plot the points for production corresponding to years to get the graph of time series and plot the points for trend values corresponding to years to get the graph of trend as shown in the adjoining figure. Production: 5 yearly moving Average: ---------------

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Measurement of Secular Trend
  क्या इस प्रश्न या उत्तर में कोई त्रुटि है?
अध्याय 4: Time Series - Exercise 4.1 [पृष्ठ ६७]

APPEARS IN

बालभारती Mathematics and Statistics 2 (Commerce) [English] Standard 12 Maharashtra State Board
अध्याय 4 Time Series
Exercise 4.1 | Q 10 | पृष्ठ ६७

संबंधित प्रश्न

Obtain the trend values for the data in using 4-yearly centered moving averages.

Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
Index 0 2 3 3 2 4 5 6 7 10

Choose the correct alternative :

We can use regression line for past data to forecast future data. We then use the line which_______.


Choose the correct alternative :

Which of the following is a major problem for forecasting, especially when using the method of least squares?


Choose the correct alternative :

What is a disadvantage of the graphical method of determining a trend line?


State whether the following is True or False :

Graphical method of finding trend is very complicated and involves several calculations.


State whether the following is True or False :

Moving average method of finding trend is very complicated and involves several calculations.


State whether the following is True or False :

All the three methods of measuring trend will always give the same results.


Solve the following problem :

The following table shows the production of pig-iron and ferro- alloys (‘000 metric tonnes)

Year 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 0 4 9 9 8 5 4 8 10

Fit a trend line to the above data by graphical method.


Solve the following problem :

Following table shows the amount of sugar production (in lac tonnes) for the years 1971 to 1982.

Year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Production 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 6 5 1 4 10

Fit a trend line to the above data by graphical method.


Solve the following problem :

Fit a trend line to data in Problem 4 by the method of least squares.


Solve the following problem :

Obtain trend values for data in Problem 10 using 3-yearly moving averages.


Solve the following problem :

Fit a trend line to data in Problem 13 by the method of least squares.


Solve the following problem :

Obtain trend values for data in Problem 13 using 4-yearly moving averages.


Solve the following problem :

Following table shows the all India infant mortality rates (per ‘000) for years 1980 to 2010.

Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
IMR 10 7 5 4 3 1 0

Fit a trend line to the above data by graphical method.


Solve the following problem :

Obtain trend values for data in Problem 16 using 3-yearly moving averages.


Obtain trend values for data in Problem 19 using 3-yearly moving averages.


The simplest method of measuring trend of time series is ______


The method of measuring trend of time series using only averages is ______


Obtain the trend values for the data, using 3-yearly moving averages

Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Production 0 4 4 2 6 8
Year 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986  
Production 5 9 4 10 10  

Use the method of least squares to fit a trend line to the data given below. Also, obtain the trend value for the year 1975.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 8 9 9 8 7 10  

The following table shows the production of gasoline in U.S.A. for the years 1962 to 1976.

Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Production
(million barrels)
0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976  
Production
(million barrels)
6 7 8 9 8 9 10  
  1. Obtain trend values for the above data using 5-yearly moving averages.
  2. Plot the original time series and trend values obtained above on the same graph.

The following table shows gross capital information (in Crore ₹) for years 1966 to 1975:

Years 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Gross Capital information 20 25 25 30 35
Years 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
Gross Capital information 30 45 40 55 65

Obtain trend values using 5-yearly moving values.


The publisher of a magazine wants to determine the rate of increase in the number of subscribers. The following table shows the subscription information for eight consecutive years:

Years 1976 1977 1978 1979
No. of subscribers
(in millions)
12 11 19 17
Years 1980 1981 1982 1983
No. of subscribers
(in millions)
19 18 20 23

Fit a trend line by graphical method.


Complete the following activity to fit a trend line to the following data by the method of least squares.

Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
Number of deaths 0 6 3 8 2 9 4 5 10

Solution:

Here n = 9. We transform year t to u by taking u = t - 1979. We construct the following table for calculation :

Year t Number of deaths xt u = t - 1979 u2 uxt
1975 0 - 4 16 0
1976 6 - 3 9 - 18
1977 3 - 2 4 - 6
1978 8 - 1 1 - 8
1979 2 0 0 0
1980 9 1 1 9
1981 4 2 4 8
1982 5 3 9 15
1983 10 4 16 40
  `sumx_t` =47 `sumu`=0 `sumu^2=60` `square`

The equation of trend line is xt= a' + b'u.

The normal equations are,

`sumx_t = na^' + b^' sumu`              ...(1)

`sumux_t = a^'sumu + b^'sumu^2`      ...(2)

Here, n = 9, `sumx_t = 47, sumu= 0, sumu^2 = 60`

By putting these values in normal equations, we get

47 = 9a' + b' (0)       ...(3)

40 = a'(0) + b'(60)      ...(4)

From equation (3), we get a' = `square`

From equation (4), we get b' = `square`

∴ the equation of trend line is xt = `square`


Following table gives the number of road accidents (in thousands) due to overspeeding in Maharashtra for 9 years. Complete the following activity to find the trend by the method of least squares.

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Number of accidents 39 18 21 28 27 27 23 25 22

Solution:

We take origin to 18, we get, the number of accidents as follows:

Year Number of accidents xt t u = t - 5 u2 u.xt
2008 21 1 -4 16 -84
2009 0 2 -3 9 0
2010 3 3 -2 4 -6
2011 10 4 -1 1 -10
2012 9 5 0 0 0
2013 9 6 1 1 9
2014 5 7 2 4 10
2015 7 8 3 9 21
2016 4 9 4 16 16
  `sumx_t=68` - `sumu=0` `sumu^2=60` `square`

The equation of trend is xt =a'+ b'u.

The normal equations are,

`sumx_t=na^'+b^'sumu             ...(1)`

`sumux_t=a^'sumu+b^'sumu^2      ...(2)`

Here, n = 9, `sumx_t=68,sumu=0,sumu^2=60,sumux_t=-44`

Putting these values in normal equations, we get

68 = 9a' + b'(0)     ...(3)

∴ a' = `square`

-44 = a'(0) + b'(60)          ...(4)

∴ b' = `square`

The equation of trend line is given by

xt = `square`


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