Question

Describe in brief any two techniques that can be utilised to transfer recombinant DNA into the host cell directly without using any vector.

Answer 1

1. Microinjection: Uses a tiny needle to directly introduce DNA into the nucleus. utilized in animal cells, such as transgenic mice.
2. Gene Gun Method (Biolistics): Particles of tungsten or gold coated with DNA are injected into plant cells. utilized in crops that have undergone genetic modification, such as Bt cotton.
3. Electroporation: Electric pulses allow DNA to enter cells by temporarily opening pores in the membrane. used in both mammalian cells and microorganisms.