Revision: Unemployment in India Economics HSC Science (General) 11th Standard Maharashtra State Board

In open unemployment, unemployed persons are identified as they remain without work. This type of unemployment is found among agricultural labourers, rural artisans, and literate persons.

Open unemployment refers to a situation where a large labour force does not get employment opportunities that may yield regular income.

• Unemployment refers to persons in the 15–59 years age group who are able and willing to work at the prevailing wage but cannot find employment.
• Children, elderly persons and those unwilling to work are not counted as unemployed.
• Major types of unemployment are open, seasonal, disguised, educated and underemployment.
• Rural unemployment is mainly seasonal and disguised, while urban unemployment is mainly educated and open unemployment.
• Major causes include population growth, inadequate skills, seasonal employment, technological changes, economic fluctuations and mismatch between demand and supply of labour.
• Unemployment leads to wastage of human resources, poverty, educational stagnation, mental stress, anti-social activities and slow national development.

• Involuntary unemployment is when someone wants and is able to work but cannot find a job.
• Voluntary unemployment is by personal choice and not considered in economic unemployment rates.
• Full employment does not mean zero unemployment but the absence of involuntary unemployment.