मराठी

Revision: Population Geography SSC (English Medium) 10th Standard Maharashtra State Board

Key Points: Population of India

India's population was around 121 crores in Census 2011, making it the second most populous country in the world.
India has only 2.41% of the world's land, but supports 17.5% of the world’s population.
The average population density of India is 382 persons per sq. km as per the 2011 Census.
The population is unevenly distributed due to factors such as physiography, climate, fertile land, water resources, and economic activities.
Densely populated areas include the northern plains, major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, while sparse population is found in mountains, deserts, and forests due to tough living conditions.

Key Points: Population of Brazil

Brazil’s population was 19 crores in 2010, ranking 5th globally.
It has 5.6% of land and 2.78% of the world’s population; density is 23 persons/sq.km.
Most people live near the eastern coast due to farming and industries.
Amazon Basin is sparsely populated due to rainfall, forests, and inaccessibility.
Central and western Brazil have low density; the highlands have a moderate population.

Key Points: Population Composition of Brazil and India> Sex Ratio

Sex ratio means the number of females per 1000 males in a region.
Brazil's sex ratio has always been above 1000, meaning women outnumber men.
Since 2001, Brazil’s female population has increased more than that of males.
In India, men outnumber women, and the sex ratio has always been below 1000.
India has seen small improvements in sex ratio since 1991, but fluctuations continue.

Key Points: Population Composition of Brazil and India> Age and Sex Pyramid

The age and sex pyramid shows the percentage of males and females in different age groups of a population.
Brazil’s population is ageing slowly, while India has more youth, leading to a larger working population in India.
The proportion of children is higher in India, whereas people aged 80+ are more in Brazil.
The pyramid helps to study the population structure, including children, youth, and elderly groups.
India’s population is younger, while Brazil's is gradually becoming older over time.

Key Points: Population Composition of Brazil and India> Population Growth Rate

Brazil’s population growth rate has decreased steadily and may not increase in the next two decades.
In India, the population grew by 18.2 crores from 2001 to 2011.
India’s growth rate was highest till 1971, then it stabilized but is still increasing.
A downward trend in the graph means the growth rate is slowing, not that the population is decreasing.
Brazil’s low growth rate may lead to a decline in population in the future.

Key Points: Population Composition of Brazil and India> Life Expectancy

Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live.
In 2016, life expectancy in Brazil was 75 years, while in India it was 68 years.
India’s life expectancy increased from 41 years in 1960 to 68 years in 2016.
Improved health care, nutrition, and medical progress have led to increased life expectancy.
In developing countries, life expectancy is still low but is rising due to socio-economic development.

Key Points: Population Composition of Brazil and India> Literacy Rate

Brazil’s literacy rate rose from 74% in 1981 to 88.6% in 2011, showing steady improvement.
India’s literacy rate increased from 43.6% in 1981 to 72.2% in 2011, with a sharp rise after 1991.
Brazil has a higher literacy rate than India across all census years shown.
Higher literacy leads to better development, as educated citizens contribute more to the economy.
India and Brazil conduct censuses every 10 years—India at the start of the decade, Brazil at the end.