Key Points
Key Points: Poverty and Development in India
- Modernisation of the Economy.
- Self-reliance.
- Socialist pattern of society with equity and social justice.
Key Points: Environment and Sustainability
- Environment includes all living and non-living things around us like air, water, soil, plants, animals, and climate.
- Natural environment is formed by nature, while human environment is created by human activities like cities and farming.
- Economic development often leads to environmental degradation if not managed properly.
- Environmental issues gained global attention at the 1972 UN Conference in Stockholm.
- The Brundtland Commission (1987) introduced the concept of sustainable development.
- The Rio Earth Summit (1992) promoted global cooperation on environment and development.
- Sustainable development aims to balance development with environmental protection.
- Environmental sustainability ensures present needs are met without harming future generations.
Key Points: Some of the Important Environmental Concerns
- Climate Change
- Pollution
- Deforestation
- Water Scarcity
- Loss of Biodiversity
Key Points: Poverty and Development
- Meaning of poverty: Lack of basic needs like food, shelter, sanitation and income.
- Traditional view of poverty: Poverty is mainly seen as low income and lack of resources.
- Role of the State: The State should provide basic necessities and welfare.
- Alternative view of poverty: Poverty also means lack of dignity, security, choices and participation.
- Development and values: Development includes social and political values, not only economic growth.
- Approaches to development: Development can be State-led or market-led.
- Non-traditional approach: Focuses on equity, empowerment, participation and sustainability.
- UN view on poverty: Poverty is a denial of dignity, education, health and opportunities.
- Good governance: Democracy, rights protection and public participation help reduce poverty.
Key Points: Millennium Development Goals
- United Nations adopted the Millennium Declaration in 2000.
- Declaration set international development goals to be achieved by 2015.
- These goals are known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
- Key aims included eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and promoting sustainable development.
- In 2016, MDGs were replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Key Points: Poverty and Women
- Women are more affected by poverty due to unequal access to property, resources, and power.
- Women face discrimination in education, employment, wages, health care, and decision-making.
- Women and girls carry a heavy burden of unpaid domestic responsibilities.
- Feminist movements since the 19th and 20th centuries promoted gender equality and women empowerment.
- Empowerment means giving women control over their lives and ensuring equal rights and opportunities.
- The UN declared 1975 as the start of the ‘Decade for Women’ to promote equal rights and address women’s issues globally.
Key Points: Status of Women in India
- Constitutional Equality: The Indian Constitution guarantees equality for women and permits affirmative action in their favor.
- Economic Inequality: Significant gender wage gap and low female labour force participation persist.
- Trafficking and Exploitation: Women face trafficking, forced marriage, domestic abuse, and denial of basic rights.
- Low Literacy Rate: Female literacy remains lower than male literacy in India.
- Political Under-representation: Women have limited representation in Parliament and State Assemblies.
- Shift in Approach: Focus moved from welfare (1950s) to development (1970s) to empowerment (1990s).
- Legal and Policy Support: Laws like the Domestic Violence Act (2005) and Workplace Harassment Act (2013) safeguard women’s rights.
- Reservation in Local Bodies: 73rd and 74th Amendments ensure reservation for women in Panchayats and Municipalities.
Important Questions [19]
- Find the odd word in the given set and rewrite: Climate change, deforestation, pollution, political parties.
- Identify the incorrect pair in the set, correct it and rewrite: Deforestation - Fall in global temperature Greenhouse gas - Pollution Drought - Water Security
- Explain your opinion. Effective measures are needed to control pollution.
- Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words: Describe the important concerns associated with environment.
- Explain your opinion in 25 to 30 words on the following. Environmental degradation will create a lot of problems.
- The United Nations set up the World Commission on Environment and Development in the year ______.
- Complete the concept map: Cities where UN conferences on environment were held
- The Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit (1992) focused on ______.
- Express your opinion. There is a need to protect the environment.
- Explain the co-relation between the following. Poverty and Development
- State the appropriate concept for the given statement: A state of an individual, family, or society where people are unable to provide for their basic necessities of life.
- The United Nations 'Decade for ______' began in the year 1975.
- State whether the following statement is true or false with reason. National Commission for Women was set up to protect the rights of women in India.
- Explain various measures for the empowerment of women.
- Explain the measures undertaken for women empowerment.
- Explain the co-relation between the following. Women Empowerment and Sustainable Development.
- What is women empowerment?
- As per the Census Report 2011, the female literacy rate is ______.
- Identify the incorrect pair, correct it, and rewrite: NITI Aayog - 2015 Beginning of economic reforms - 1991 National Policy for the Empowerment of Women - 2018
