मराठी

Revision: Geography (Contemporary India-II) >> Resources and Development Social Science English Medium Class 10 CBSE

Key Points: Development of Resources

Resources are essential for human survival and maintaining a good quality of life.
Overuse of resources has led to depletion, inequality between the rich and the poor, and environmental problems.
Fair distribution and proper planning of resources are necessary for sustainable life and global peace.
Sustainable development means meeting present needs without harming the environment or future generations.
The 1992 Rio Earth Summit introduced Agenda 21 to promote global cooperation for sustainable development.

Key Points: Resource Planning

Resource planning is essential for the judicious and balanced use of resources.
India has great diversity in resource availability across different regions.
Some regions are rich in certain resources but lack others, such as minerals, water, or infrastructure.
Examples include mineral-rich states such as Jharkhand and water-rich but underdeveloped regions such as Arunachal Pradesh.
Balanced resource planning is needed at the national, state, regional, and local levels.

Key Points: Resource Planning in India

Resource planning in India began with the First Five-Year Plan (1951) after Independence.
Availability of resources alone cannot ensure development without proper technology and institutions.
Some regions remain economically backward despite being resource-rich due to a lack of infrastructure.
Resource conservation was emphasised globally by the Brundtland Commission Report (1987), which introduced sustainable development.
Global efforts for conservation were strengthened at the Rio Earth Summit (1992).

Key Points: Land Use Pattern in India

Land use in India depends on physical factors like climate and soil, and human factors like population and technology.
India’s total geographical area is 3.28 million sq km, but land use data is available for only 93% of it.
Permanent pasture land has decreased, and some land is cultivated only once in two to three years.
The net sown area differs greatly from one state to another in India.
Forest cover is less than the required 33%, and continuous land use has caused land degradation.

Key Points: Soil as a Resource

Soil is an important renewable natural resource and supports plant growth and life on Earth.
Soil is a living system and takes millions of years to form a few centimetres of depth.
Factors like relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation, and time affect soil formation.
Natural forces such as water, wind, glaciers, and decomposers help in soil formation.
Indian soils are classified based on colour, texture, age, and chemical and physical properties.

Key Points: Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil by natural forces like water and wind, and by human activities such as deforestation and overgrazing.
Running water causes gully erosion and sheet erosion, making land unfit for cultivation.
Wind erosion occurs when loose soil is blown away from flat or sloping land.
Wrong farming methods, like ploughing up and down slopes, increase soil erosion.
Soil conservation methods include contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip cropping, and shelter belts.

Key Points: Land Utilisation

Land is used for forests, agriculture, grazing, and non-agricultural activities.
Some land cannot be cultivated because it is barren or used for buildings and roads.
Uncultivated land includes pastures, tree crops, and cultivable waste land left unused for more than five years.
Fallow land is land left uncultivated for one year or for 1–5 years.
Net sown area is the land under crops, and repeated sowing in a year forms the gross cropped area.

Key Points: Land Resources

Land is an important natural resource as it supports human life, wildlife, vegetation, economic activities, transport, and communication.
Land is limited in quantity, so it must be used carefully with proper planning for different purposes.
India has diverse landforms, including mountains, plateaus, plains, and islands.
Plains cover about 43% of India’s land area and are suitable for agriculture and industrial activities.
Mountains (30%) and plateaus (27%) are important for rivers, tourism, ecology, minerals, fossil fuels, and forests.

Key Points: Classification of Soils

India has different types of soils due to varied relief, climate, vegetation, and landforms.
Alluvial soil is the most widespread and fertile soil, found in the northern plains and river deltas.
Alluvial soils are of two types: Bangar (old) and Khadar (new), with Khadar being more fertile.
Black soil (Regur) is found in the Deccan Plateau and is ideal for cotton cultivation.
Red and yellow soils develop on igneous rocks and get their colour from iron content.
Laterite soil forms in areas of heavy rainfall and is suitable for tea, coffee, and cashew after conservation.
Arid and forest soils are found in dry regions and hilly areas, respectively, and their fertility depends on irrigation and location.

Key Points: Land Degradation and Conservation Measures

Land is a vital resource that provides food, shelter, and clothing for present and future generations.
Human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying are major causes of land degradation.
Over-irrigation leads to waterlogging, salinity, and alkalinity, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh.
Industrial waste, mining dust, and effluents cause serious land and water pollution.
Land degradation can be reduced through afforestation, controlled grazing, waste management, and proper treatment of industrial effluents.

Key Points: Resources and Their Classification

Resources are useful things available in the environment that satisfy human needs.
Human beings use technology to transform nature into resources.
Nature, technology, and institutions are interdependent with each other.
Resources are classified on the basis of origin, use, ownership, and development.
Resources may be renewable or non-renewable.