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प्रश्न
State the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model. Hence show the energy of electrons varies inversely to the square of the principal quantum number.
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उत्तर
Bohr’s three postulates are:
- In a hydrogen atom, the electron revolves around the nucleus in a fixed circular orbit with constant speed.
- The radius of the orbit of an electron can only take certain fixed values such that the angular momentum of the electron in these orbits is an integral multiple of `"h"/(2π)`, h being the Planck’s constant.
- An electron can make a transition from one of its orbits to another orbit having lower energy. In doing so, it emits a photon of energy equal to the difference in its energies in the two orbits.
Expression for the energy of an electron in the nth orbit of Bohr’s hydrogen atom:
- Kinetic energy:
Let, me = mass of the electron
rn = radius of nth orbit of Bohr’s hydrogen atom
vn = velocity of electron
−e = charge of the electron
+e = charge on the nucleus
Z = a number of electrons in an atom.
According to Bohr’s first postulate,
`("m"_"e""V"_"n"^2)/"r"_"n" = 1/(4piepsilon_0) xx ("Ze"^2)/("r"_"n"^2)`
where, `epsilon_0` is permittivity of free space.
∴ `"m"_"e""v"_"n"^2 = "Z"/(4piepsilon_0) xx "e"^2/"r"_"n"` ….(1)
The revolving electron in the circular orbit has linear speed and hence it possesses kinetic energy.
It is given by, K.E = `1/2 "m"_"e""v"_"n"^2`
∴ K.E = `1/2 xx ("Z"/(4piepsilon_0) xx "e"^2/"r"_"n")` ….[From equation (1)]
∴ K.E = `"Ze"^2/(8piepsilon_0"r"_"n")` .…(2) - Potential energy:
The potential energy of the electron is given by, P.E = V(−e)
where,
V = electric potential at any point due to charge on the nucleus
− e = charge on the electron.
In this case,
∴ P.E = `1/(4piepsilon_0) xx "e"/"r"_"n" xx (-"Ze")`
∴ P.E = `1/(4piepsilon_0) xx (-"Ze"^2)/"r"_"n"`
∴ P.E = −`("Ze"^2)/(4piepsilon_0"r"_"n")` ….(3) - Total energy:
The total energy of the electron in any orbit is its sum of P.E and K.E.
∴ T.E = K.E + P.E
= `("Ze"^2/(8piepsilon_0"r"_"n")) + (-"Ze"^2/(4piepsilon_0"r"_"n"))` ….[From equations (2) and (3)]
∴ T.E = `-"Ze"^2/(8piepsilon_0"r"_"n")` ….(4) - But, rn = `((epsilon_0"h"^2)/(pi"m"_"e""Ze"^2)) xx "n"^2`
Substituting for rn in equation (4),
∴ T.E = `−1/(8piepsilon_0) xx "Ze"^2/(((epsilon_0"h"^2)/(pi"m"_"e""Ze"^2))"n"^2)`
= `-1/(8piepsilon_0) xx ("Z"^2"e"^2pi"m"_"e""e"^2)/(epsilon_0"h"^2"n"^2)`
∴ T.E = −`("m"_"e""Z"^2"e"^4)/(8epsilon_0^2"h"^2) xx 1/"n"^2` ….(5)
⇒ T.E. ∝ `1/"n"^2`
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