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प्रश्न
Simple Past and Past Perfect
Complete this story by Julius Lester. Choose the correct forms of the words
given in the brackets.
Brer Rabbit (a) ________ (decidedI had decided) gardening was too much hard work. So he (b) ________ (had gone/went) back to his old ways of eating from everybody else’s garden. Earlier, he (c)________ (made/had made) a tour through the community to see what everybody (d)________ (had been/was) planting that summer and his eye (e) ________ (was/had been) caught by Brer Fox’s peanut patch.
That night Brer Rabbit (l) _______ (came/had come) down to the peanut patch. He climbed through the hole and WHOOSH ! Next thing he (m) _______ (had known/knew), he was hanging in the air upside down. There (n) ________ (wasn’t/hadn’t been) a thing he could do, so he made himself comfortable to catch a little sleep!
Answer the following questions based on the story you have read.
(a) What had Brer Rabbit found out?
(b) What did he do when the plants grew?
(c) How did he enter Brer Fox's peanut patch?
(d) Brer Fox had an idea of who was stealing from his patch. What did he do to trap
Brer Rabbit?
You must have used the simple past tense and past perfect tense in your
answer. Do you know most often, when you use the past perfect, you use it with
the (simple) past?
Study the sentences from the story and write whether (a) the action happened
before the action mentioned in the simple past tense, or (b) an action happened
after the action mentioned in the past perfect tense.
(e.g.) Brer Rabbit had decided _(a)_ gardening was _(b)_too much for him. So,
he went __ back to his old ways. Earlier, he had made __ a tour through
the community to see what everybody had been __ planting that summer
and his eye was __ caught by Brer Fox's peanut patch.
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उत्तर
(A) Brer Rabbit (a) had decided (decidedI had decided) gardening was too much hard work. So he (b) went (had gone/went) back to his old ways of eating from everybody else’s garden. Earlier, he (c) had made (made/had made) a tour through the community to see what everybody (d) had been (had been/was) planting that summer and his eye (e) had been (was/had been) caught by Brer Fox’s peanut patch.
That night Brer Rabbit (l) came (came/had come) down to the peanut patch. He climbed through the hole and WHOOSH ! Next thing he (m) knew (had known/knew), he was hanging in the air upside down. There (n) wasn't (wasn’t/hadn’t been) a thing he could do, so he made himself comfortable to catch a little sleep!
(B) Answer the following questions based on the story you have read. (ANSWER)
(a) Brer Rabbit had found out that gardening was too much hard work.
(b) He ate peanuts to his fill.
(c) He entered Brer Fox’s peanut patch through a small hole in the fence.
(d) Brer Fox inspected his fence and found a small hole on the north side. He tied a rope with a loop knot and put it inside the hole. If anybody stepped into it, the rope would grab his leg and hoist him up in the air.
(C) (a) decided / had decided This action takes place before the one given in (b) here.
(b) had gone / went — do —
(c) made / had made This action takes place before those given in (a), (b) above.
(d) had been / was — do —
(e) was / had been — do —
(f) had been / were Action in (f) takes place before the action in (g).
(g) decided / had decided — do —
(h) had eaten / ate This action takes place after the actions shown in (f) and (g) above.
(i) had / had had Action shown in (i) takes place before the action in (j)
(j) had found / found — do —
(k) stepped / had stepped The action shown in (k) takes place after the action given in (i) and (j).
(l) came / had come This action takes place after those given under (i), (j) and (k).
(m) had known / knew This action takes place after the actions under (k) and (l).
(n) wasn’t / hadn’t been This action also takes place after those given above.
Notes
Usually the action shown in Past Perfect Tense occurs before the action shown in Simple Past Tense occurs.
APPEARS IN
संबंधित प्रश्न
Here are some direct quotations from the story. Identify the speaker and write what each quotation suggests about the speaker. You can use the adjectives given in the box and may also add your own.
| amiable, tender, gentle, sympathetic, understanding, determined, diligent, kind, concerned, systematic, wise, helpful, enthusiastic, selfish, cruel, humble, religious, prudent |
| Speaker | Quotation | Quality Highlighted | |
|
a. |
'Avva, is everything all right? Are you O.K.?' |
||
| b. | 'At times, I used to regret not going to school, so I made sure that my children and grandchildren studied well.' |
||
| c. | 'Avva, don't cry. What is the matter? Can I help you in anyway?' |
||
| d. | 'We are well-off, but what use is money when I cannot be independent.' | ||
| e. | 'I will keep Saraswati Pooja day during Dassara as the deadline.' | ||
| f. | 'For a good cause if you are determined you can overcome any obstacle.' | ||
| g. | I am touching the feet of a teacher not my granddaughter.' |
Answer the following question briefly:
Did Private Quelch’s day to day practices take him closer towards his goal? How can you make out?
Answer the following question briefly:
Do you think Private Quelch learnt a lesson when he was chosen for cookhouse duties?
On the basis of your understanding of the poem, answer the following questions by ticking the correct choice
The poem is narrated in the first person by the brook. This figure of speech is
Answer the following question.
In this universe, rain performs many functions. What are those?
Working in pairs give antonyms of the following words.
Answer the following question briefly.
Who was Jeanette? What was the cause of her death?
During summer vacation, you and your friends decide to enroll in 'The School for Flying'. While training, you had an interesting and unforgettable experience. Here's an account of it. Complete it by using words from A.1.
It was the most amazing summer camp that we had ever been to. My friend Jonathan and I decided to join the flying-school. We underwent rigorous training and gained a lot of expertise, Jonathan in charting the course of flight and I, in flying the plane. 25 May 2010 was the Red Letter Day as we were to fly a plane for nearly half an hour without an instructor. At 6: 15 GMT we took the flight, Jonathan as a (1)............ and I, as the (2) ............ . We remembered all the instructions given to us at the academy and we were (3) ............ signals at frequent intervals. The day was clear but windy. We were (4) ................. hills and were flying along the coast. Suddenly, the weather turned turbulent. We (5)............ our position asking for advice. But unfortunately there was no communication from the other end. All of a sudden, we heard an explosion. The fuel tank of our plane had caught fire due to the lightning. We immediately decided to (6) ............... the plane and donned the (7) .......... that were available. We were blown off 55-60 kms away from the coast and we landed on the outskirts of a dense forest. We were not injured but were hungry and thirsty. We ate some wild fruit hoping it was safe. But unluckily it was disastrous for Jonathan as he had (8) ............ after that. We remembered our instructor's clear and (9)................ instructions in case of an emergency. We discussed various strategies and decided to (10).............. to the core about the life saving strategies. We started exploring the forest. We must have wandered for about an hour or so along the coast, when my eyes suddenly fell on something red in the crevice of a big rock. I went closer to it and to my great happiness and relief I saw a (11) ............. . It was (12).......... away in a cosy nook. Oh! What a relief it was! We were successful in rowing our way back from where we had started. Meanwhile, the coast guards were hunting for us. We had instantly become celebrities!
The term irony refers to a discrepancy, or disagreement, of some sort. The
discrepancy can be between what someone says and what he or she really
means. on verbal irony. The discrepancy can be between a situation that one
would logically anticipate or that would seem appropriate and the situation that
actually develops or situational irony. The discrepancy can even be between the
facts known to a character and the facts known to us, the readers or audience or
dramatic irony.
Working in groups of four complete the following table. Find instances of irony from the play
and justify them.
| Extract | Justification |
| I believe you want to convert me; save my soul, don’t you call it? Well, it’s no good………. see? I don’t want any damned religion. ● ________________________________ ●_________________________________ |
Later, the convict says, “its a queer thing to ask, but-could you, would you bless me before I go.” ●______________________________ ●______________________________ |
| ● Why the devil do you leave the window unshuttered and the door unbarred so that anyone can come in? ’ ●__________________________________ ●__________________________________ |
If the door had been barred the convict couldn’t have entered the house. ______________________________ ●______________________________ |
| ● My mother gave them to me on………………………. on her death bed just after you were bom, and…………….. and she asked me to keep them in remembrance of her, so I would like to keep them. ● _______________________________ ● _______________________________ |
Later he hands the convict the candlesticks and tells him to start a new life. ● _________________________ ● __________________________ |
Now that you have seen some techniques for creating vivid images with language, try to compose a poem or write a short descriptive paragraph using similes and colourful expressions. Work in pairs if you prefer. Then read it out to the class.
Choose one of these themes: waves, stars and moon, rocks, sunset or sunrise.
Consider the following for your chosen theme:
• What does it look like?
• What does it feel like?
• What does it sound like?
• How does it move?
• Where do we see it?
• When do we see it?
Complete the introduction given below to the story The Story Teller by Saki (H.H. Munro), by using ‘a’ ‘art’ or ‘the’’:
The afternoon was hot, and so was (a)______ railway carriage. (b)_______ next stop was at Templecombe, nearly (c)______ hour ahead. In the carriage were a small girl, (d)______ smaller girl, and a small boy. (e)________ aunt belonging to (f)______ children sat in (g)_________ comer seat, and in (h)_______ further comer seat on (i)______ opposite side, was a man who was a stranger to them, but (j)_____ small girls and the small boys were (k)_________ ones who filled the compartment. The children chatted on and on to their aunt, like (l)____ housefly that refuses to be put off. Most of the aunt’s remarks seemed to begin with “Don’t”, and nearly all of (m)______ children’s remarks began with “Why?”
Answer the following question by ticking the correct option :
What did the man do to prove his point?
Working in groups of four, write a dialogue between
• A tiger behind bars and a man
• A man in a cage and a tiger.
Rearrange the following words and phrases to form meaningful sentences.
- of the owner / a computer virus / that can / infect a / computer / is a program / without the knowledge
- can spread / or even a CD / a true virus / through the Internet / or a USB drive
- infect / viruses / file system / the network / the host files / corrupting / of
- install / anti-virus / many users / known viruses / software that / can detect and eliminate
Is there enough variety of content?
Look at the following pair of sentences. Underline the modals and discuss why each one is used in that sentence.
e.g.
I must not take those pills. (I’m not allowed.)
I need not take those pills. (It is not compulsory but I may if I wish.)
(b) I needn’t go to the meeting if I don’t wish to.
2. (a) I can swim a length of the pool.
(b) I can swim in the pool on Saturdays.
3. (a) You ought to get a nice present for her.
(b) You have to get a nice present for her.
4. (a) Can I go to the toilet?
(b) May I be excused?
5. (a) I may come tomorrow if I have the time.
(b) I might come tomorrow but it’s going to be difficult.
Did you know?
Modals are a small group of verbs that are used to express possibility,
probability, capability, capacity, ability, obligation and predictions.
Some of the modals you learnt in this unit are
can
may
shall
could
might
should
Need, dare, had better are also modals.
Understanding Modals:
Modal Auxiliaries
A modal verb or auxiliary verb is a verb, which modifies another verb, so that
the modified verb has more intention in its expression. In essence the modal
verb expresses modality, the way in which something is being said.
The main modals are
Can: could; may: might; shall: should; will: would: must; ought to; need to;
have to.
The negative modals are
Couldn't; wouldn't; shouldn't; mustn't; needn't; oughtn't/ ought not to
| Modal | Examples | Uses |
| Can/ can't |
She can read and write It can rain today Can I borrow your pen? Can you lend me your notes? Can I carry your books? |
ability possibility /probability seeking permission request offer |
| Could/ couldn't |
Could I borrow your book? Could you please help me with this sum? We could go for a picnic on Sunday I think you could come first this time There was a time when I could work round the clock. |
seeking permission request suggestion possibility/ probability past ability |
| May |
May I have some water? May I help you? May I shut the door? India may become a super power by 2020. May God bless you |
request offer permission possibility/ probability wish/ desire |
| Might | They might sell their house as they need the money. | future possibility/ probability |
| Will /Won't |
It is very cold so I will stay at home. I will help you if you wish. Will you look after my dog for a day? It will rain tonight. I will get you a shawl from Srinagar. |
intention offer request prediction promise |
| Would/Wouldn't |
Would you mind if I come over tonight? Would five o'clock suit you? Yes it would. Would you pass the salt? Would you come to my party? Would you prefer tea or coffee? |
permission making arrangements request invitation preference
|
| Shall |
Shall I help you? Shall we meet at 3.00 pm outside Bakshi Stadium? |
offer making arrangements |
| Should |
We should check the timings of the train. You should listen to the advice of your elders. |
recommended action advice |
| Ought to |
You ought to do your duty. The bus ought to be here any minute |
advice probability |
| Must/mustn't |
We must make a move now. You mustn't tell lies. |
obligation necessity |
| Need |
He need not go to the market. You need to lose weight. I need to get the groceries. |
necessity compulsion insistence |
Write a magazine article about both the boys, in which you bring out the similarities and differences in their lives. Use the table you completed in Question 3. Give your article a suitable title. Remember 'CODER'.
Organise your article like this
Paragraph 1 : Give their names and ages. Compare their families, parents and backgrounds.
Paragraph 2 : Compare how each spends a typical day and their recreation/ hobbies.
Paragraph 3 : Compare their hopes / dreams / ambitions and your assessment of their future.
The song 'We Are the World' has been sung by many famous singers of the West. Do you know why it is called 'We Are the World'? Why was it recorded? What were the singers trying to do? Did they succeed?
Student/ teacher can sing the song.
Listen to the song and check whether you have guessed right in Question 1. Listen again until you are ready to sing along with it.
Given below is some information about Jesse Owens, one of the most famous athletes of all times. His friend is planning to write his biography. Using information from the table, complete the biography. (The first gap has been completed for you, as an example.)
James Cleveland Owens (J.C. Owens) became famous as Jesse Owens
| 1913 | Birth, Alabama, USA. |
| 1934 | After First World War - goes to school, teachers recognise and develop his athletic talents. |
| 1935 | Six world records |
| 1936 | Berlin Olympics, four gold medals |
| 1950 | Sports experts vote him Greatest Track Athlete of the half Century. |
| 1960 | Another athlete breaks Owens' last Olympic record . |
| 1980 | Dies oflung cancer. |
Jesse Owens was born in Alabama USA, in 1913. He was the youngest often children, and the family lived in a cramped shanty house. After the First World War, the family moved to Cleveland, where his school (1)__________ his talents. He quickly became a local hero. Soon afterwards he gained a place not only at the Ohio State University, but also in the US Olympics team.
On 25th May 1935, Jesse Owens performed athletics' greatest feat when he (2) _________ at the Ohio state University Athletics Championships. A year later, at the Berlin Olympics, his greatness was confirmed; he (3) __________ for 100m, 200m, long jump and sprint relay.
Because of his achievements in track and field events, in 1950 he (4) _______ .His last Olympic record (5) ___________ only in 1960. This great athlete (6) ______________ 1980.
Common Combinations using Prepositions
Link the words from the different columns to produce meaningful sentences. One has been completed as an example. If you wish, write out the correct sentences in your notebook.
