Question

Explain the main features of 73^rd Amendment of the Indian Constitution relating to Panchayati Raj institutions.

Answer 1

Main Features of the 73rd Amendment of the Indian Constitution (1992) relating to Panchayati Raj institutions:

1. Recognition of Gram Sabha: Gram Sabha was recognised as the foundational institution of the Panchayati Raj system.
2. Three-Tier Panchayati Raj System: It formalised the structure of Village Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti (Block level), and Zila Parishad (District level).
3. Exemption to Smaller States: States with populations less than 20 lakh were not required to form the intermediate level (Panchayat Samiti).
4. Direct Elections: Direct election of members to all Panchayati Raj institutions was mandated. However, chairpersons of Panchayat Samitis and Zila Parishads were to be elected indirectly.
5. Reservation of Seats: Reservation of seats was introduced for:
   • Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)
   • Women, including SC/ST women – 1/3rd of seats, now increased to 1/2 in many states.
6. Fixed Tenure of 5 Years: Panchayats were to have a fixed tenure of 5 years. Re-election must take place within six months in case of early dissolution.
7. State Election Commission: Each state was to establish a State Election Commission to conduct and supervise elections to the Panchayati Raj bodies.
8. Panchayat Finance: Panchayats were given more functions and additional financial powers. Each state had to establish a State Finance Commission every five years to recommend revenue distribution.
9. Eleventh Schedule Added: The 11th Schedule was added to the Constitution, listing 29 subjects under Panchayat jurisdiction related to agriculture, rural development, health, education, etc.

This amendment was aimed at revamping rural self-governance, ensuring decentralisation of power, and active participation of the rural population in democracy.