Question

Examine four approaches to human development.

Answer 1

Four approaches to human development are as follows:

1. Income Approach: This is one of the earliest approaches to human development. It links development directly with income levels. According to this view, income represents the degree of freedom a person enjoys, and higher income leads to a higher level of human development.
2. Welfare Approach: Under this approach, people are viewed as recipients of development benefits. It supports increased government spending on education, health, social security, and basic amenities. Individuals do not actively participate in development; instead, the government plays a key role by expanding welfare measures to improve human development.
3. Basic Needs Approach: Initially suggested by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), this approach focuses on fulfilling essential human needs. These include health services, education, food, safe drinking water, sanitation, and housing, which are considered fundamental for human development.
4. Capability Approach: Associated with Prof. Amartya Sen, this approach emphasises strengthening human capabilities. It highlights the development of skills and abilities in areas such as health, education, and access to resources as the foundation for achieving higher levels of human development.