Question

Biodiversity conservation is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and ensuring the survival of future generations.

Describe four advanced ex-situ methods used for conservation of biodiversity.

Answer 1

1. Seed/germplasm banks: Long‑term storage of seeds, pollen and other plant germplasm to preserve genetic diversity for future restoration and breeding.
2. Cryopreservation: Ultra‑cold (liquid nitrogen) storage of seeds, pollen, embryos, gametes or tissues to maintain viability and genetic integrity for decades without active growth.
3. In vitro conservation (tissue culture and protoplast techniques): Micropropagation, cell/tissue culture, and protoplast fusion enable multiplication, disease‑free preservation, and regeneration of rare or recalcitrant species.
4. Assisted reproductive technologies/captive‑breeding (e.g., MOET, embryo transfer, captive breeding in zoos/aquaria): Used to boost numbers, manage genetics and reintroduce animals into the wild.