मराठी
CISCEISC (Arts) Class 12
प्रश्नपत्रिका३७२
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तरे१६६८१
महत्वाचे प्रश्न आणि उत्तरे५८९२
संकल्पना स्पष्टीकरण आणि व्हिडिओ९५३
टाइम टेबल१५
अभ्यासक्रम

Overview of Protest Movements (Civil Rights Movement, Anti-Apartheid Movement and Feminist Movement)

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Topics

  • Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase(1935-1947)
    • Role of M.N. Roy
    • Role of Jawaharlal Nehru
    • Role of Subhas Chandra Bose
    • Congress Socialists
    • Trade Union Activities
    • Kisan Sabha Movement
    • Growth of Communalism
    • Provincial Autonomy under the 1935 Act
    • The Congress Ministries
    • Assessment of the Activities
    • National Movements During the Second World War
    • The August Offer of 1940
    • Quit India Resolution
    • Spread of the Movement
    • Violent Public Reaction
    • Important Storm Centres of the Movement
    • Movement in Three Phases
    • Causes of the Failure of the Movement
    • Significance of the Movement
    • Contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose along with the Objectives of the INA
    • Significance of the INA Movement
    • Transfer of Power (1945-1947)
    • Reaction against the Cabinet Mission Plan
    • Communal Riots in different parts of the Country
    • Formation of the Interim Government
    • Attlee's Declaration of 1947
    • The Mountbatten Plan
    • The Indian Independence Act, 1947
    • Execution of the Mountbatten Plan
    • Overview of Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase(1935-1947)
  • Indian History
  • World History
  • Establishment and Development of Indian Democracy (1947-1966)
  • Challenges to Indian Democracy (1964-1977)
    • Period: (1964 to 1977)
    • Naxal Movement
    • Main Leaders of the Movement
    • J P Movement (1974-75)
    • Course of the Movement
    • Emergency (1975–1976)
    • Suspension of Democratic Organs
    • Criticism of the Emergency Era May Be Grouped As
    • Revocation of Emergency and Announcement of Elections (1977)
    • Overview of Challenges to Indian Democracy (1964-1977)
  • Changing Face of the Indian Democracy (1977-1986)
  • India's Foreign Policy
  • Movements for Women's Rights
  • World War-II
    • Factors Leading to the World War II
    • Aggressive Policy of Germany
    • Aggressive Policy of Italy
    • Aggressive Policy of Japan
    • Anglo-french Appeasement Policies
    • War in Europe
    • War in Africa
    • Attack on Russia
    • Fall of Italy
    • Fall of Germany
    • Fall of Japan
    • American Entry and Contribution to the Victory
    • Reasons for the Defeat of the Axis Powers
    • Overview of World War-II
  • De-Colonisation in Asia (China) and Africa (Ghana and Kenya)
  • Cold War 1945-1991 : Origin, Course, End and Impact
  • Protest Movements (Civil Rights Movement, Anti-Apartheid Movement and Feminist Movement)
  • Middle East : Israeli-Palestine Conflict (1916-1993)
    • Post-War Conflict in Palestine and the Formation of Israel
    • World Zionist Movement
    • Arab-Israeli Wars and the Camp David Accord (1948–1979)
    • The Suez Issue (1956)
    • Causes of the Arab-Israel War
    • The Six Day War (1967)
    • The Yom Kippur War (1973)
    • Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli Peace (1978-79)
    • Israel PLO OSLO Peace Accord (1993)
    • Overview of Middle East : Israeli-Palestine Conflict (1916-1993)
Estimated time: 150 minutes
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Racial Problems in the USA

  • The USA faced serious racial inequality despite post-World War II prosperity.
  • Slavery was abolished in 1863, but racial problems continued.
  • Black Americans were treated as inferior, especially in Southern states.
  • Social, political, and economic inequalities existed in society.
  • Racial problems led to widespread unrest and protest movements. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Racial Discrimination

  • Black Americans were denied the right to vote.
  • They were forced to attend separate and inferior schools.
  • Segregation existed in public places like buses and restaurants.
  • They were confined to low-paid and unpleasant jobs.
  • Trade unions often refused to admit black workers. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Civil Rights (Movement in the USA)

  • Black Americans demanded equal rights and legal equality.
  • Peaceful movements were organised to end racial discrimination.
  • Organisations like NAACP worked for civil rights.
  • Mass protests highlighted injustice and inequality.
  • Civil rights movements aimed to secure political, social, and economic equality. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Reasons for Change in Government’s Attitude

  • Moral Concern: Many leaders felt racial discrimination was morally unjust.
  • Waste of Talent: Excluding blacks from top jobs was seen as a loss to the nation.
  • Black Awareness: Black Americans became more vocal in demanding civil rights.
  • Democratic Image: Denial of voting rights weakened America’s claim of democracy.
  • Global Pressure: Decolonisation in Asia and Africa risked harming America’s image. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Laws and Supreme Court Decisions for Racial Equality

  • End of Separate Schools (1954): Segregation in schools was declared illegal.
  • School Desegregation: Black and white children were ordered to study together.
  • Civil Rights Act, 1957: A commission was set up to investigate voting rights denial.
  • Civil Rights Act, 1960: Provided for voter registration of black Americans.
  • Federal Enforcement: Federal troops were used to enforce desegregation orders. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Campaign for Equal Rights – Background and Causes

  • A mass civil rights movement began in the USA in the mid-1950s.
  • A large Black population in northern cities became politically aware.
  • Independence movements in Asia and Africa inspired Black Americans.
  • Slow progress and racial discrimination created widespread frustration.
  • A national mass movement was felt necessary to bring change. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Role of Martin Luther King Jr.

  • The movement began in 1955 under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr.
  • He followed the path of non-violence and peaceful protest.
  • The Montgomery Bus Boycott marked the start of mass action.
  • The movement reached its climax in the 1963 March on Washington.
  • King’s “I Have a Dream” speech became a landmark of the movement.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Civil Rights Legislation and Achievements

  • President Kennedy supported civil rights and introduced a Civil Rights Bill.
  • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended racial discrimination in public places.
  • The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ensured voting rights for Black Americans.
  • The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination in housing.
  • By the 1970s, Black Americans gained political representation and rights. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Background of Apartheid in South Africa

  • South Africa was first ruled by the Dutch and later by the British.
  • The Boers (Afrikaners) seized land from native Africans and used them as cheap labour.
  • After the Boer War, the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910.
  • Whites dominated political and economic life of the country.
  • Blacks were denied voting rights and forced to live in reserved areas under pass laws.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Introduction of Apartheid by Dr. Malan (1948–54)

  • After World War II, Dr. Malan introduced the policy of apartheid in South Africa.
  • Apartheid aimed at maintaining strict racial separation and white supremacy.
  • The Afrikaner Nationalist Party claimed whites were superior to non-whites.
  • In 1948, the Nationalist Party won elections on a racist agenda.
  • Apartheid policies were continued and strengthened by later Prime Ministers. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Main Features of Apartheid

  • Apartheid enforced complete racial segregation between whites and non-whites in all aspects of life.
  • Separate public facilities and inferior education were provided to the Black population.
  • Every person was racially classified and Blacks were required to carry identity passes.
  • Blacks were confined to reserved areas and denied political rights and representation.
  • Inter-racial marriages were prohibited to maintain white racial supremacy. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Role of Nelson Mandela in the Anti-Apartheid Movement

  • Nelson Mandela emerged as a leading leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and its Youth League.
  • He played a major role in the 1952 Anti-Apartheid Defiance Campaign.
  • Mandela was arrested repeatedly and imprisoned for 27 years after the Rivonia Trial.
  • He was released in 1990 and negotiated with President F.W. de Klerk to end apartheid.
  • Mandela led South Africa’s first multiracial election in 1994 and became its first Black President. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Opposition to Apartheid: Inside and Outside the Country

Sr. No. Area of Opposition Year/Period Main Events Result/Significance
1. Internal Opposition – ANC 1950s African National Congress (ANC) led protests against apartheid laws Organized mass resistance inside South Africa
2. Defiance Campaign 1952 Led by Albert Luthuli; Africans broke apartheid laws peacefully Thousands arrested; movement gained attention
3. Freedom Charter 1955 ANC with Asian & Coloured groups adopted Freedom Charter at Kliptown Became the main programme of ANC
4. Bus Boycott 1957 Africans boycotted buses in Johannesburg Fare increase withdrawn
5. Sharpeville Massacre 1960 Police fired on peaceful protesters World opinion turned against apartheid
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Movements Continued Outside the Country

  • The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) originated as a Boycott Movement and spread outside South Africa.
  • Several Commonwealth countries strongly opposed South Africa’s apartheid policy.
  • The AAM achieved a major success when South Africa was forced to leave the Commonwealth in 1961.
  • A 72-hour protest vigil was organized outside Marlborough House, the Commonwealth headquarters.
  • The movement gained international support from countries like Canada, India, and Afro-Asian nations. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: The UN and the Organization of African Unity

  • The United Nations (UN) and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) strongly condemned apartheid in South Africa.
  • In 1962, the UN General Assembly called upon member states to impose a trade boycott against South Africa, but it was ineffective due to lack of universal support.
  • In 1963, the UN Security Council recommended a partial arms embargo against South Africa, which was not mandatory under Chapter VII.
  • Several Western countries publicly opposed apartheid but continued to trade and supply arms to South Africa until the 1970s.
  • International pressure increased through sports and academic boycotts, including South Africa’s suspension from the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and a global academic boycott. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Change of Situation in South Africa (After 1979)

  • After 1979, apartheid faced strong internal resistance and international pressure.
  • Economic sanctions and political unrest weakened white minority rule.
  • Maintaining apartheid became increasingly difficult for the government.
  • South Africa faced isolation in world politics.
  • The government was forced to consider reforms. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Reforms Introduced by P. W. Botha

  • Blacks were allowed to join trade unions and go on strikes.
  • Blacks could elect local township councils but were denied voting rights in national elections.
  • A new Constitution created separate parliamentary houses for Coloureds and Asians.
  • Inter-racial marriages were legalized.
  • Pass Laws for non-whites were abolished, though core apartheid remained. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Final End of Apartheid (1990–1994)

  • President F. W. de Klerk realized apartheid could not continue.
  • Nelson Mandela was released in 1990 after 25 years in prison.
  • Most apartheid laws were repealed.
  • Talks between the government and the ANC began in 1991.
  • In 1994, South Africa held its first multiracial elections, ending apartheid. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Transition to Black Majority Rule

  • An agreement was reached to ensure a peaceful transition from apartheid to black majority rule in South Africa.
  • A general election was held in which the African National Congress (ANC) won nearly two-thirds of the votes.
  • Nelson Mandela became the first Black President of South Africa after the election.
  • F.W. de Klerk served as the Deputy President in the new coalition government.
  • The transition was achieved without a civil war, marking a major success in South Africa’s history. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Feminist Movement – Meaning and Origin

  • Feminist Movement is also called Women’s Movement or Women’s Liberation.
  • It aimed at reforms like equal pay, maternity leave, women’s suffrage and protection from violence.
  • The movement began in Western countries in the late 19th century.
  • It focused on social, political and economic equality for women.
  • Feminism developed through different waves over time. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Waves of Feminism

  • First-wave feminism focused on women’s suffrage and political rights.
  • Second-wave feminism fought social and cultural inequalities.
  • Third-wave feminism emphasized women’s greater role in politics.
  • Writers like Virginia Woolf influenced early feminist ideas.
  • The movement expanded from voting rights to broader equality. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Women’s Suffrage Movement in the USA

  • Early conventions discussed women’s rights and equality.
  • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) demanded equal treatment for women.
  • Leaders like Elizabeth Stanton played a major role.
  • Demand for voting rights became central to the movement.
  • Women gained voting rights through the 19th Amendment (1920). 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Second-Wave Feminism

  • Second-wave feminism began in the early 1960s.
  • It focused on social, cultural and economic inequality.
  • Women demanded equality in education and employment.
  • The movement challenged traditional roles of women in society.
  • It aimed at achieving equal status for women in public life. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Role of Betty Friedan

  • Betty Friedan emerged as a leading figure of second-wave feminism.
  • Her book The Feminine Mystique inspired American women.
  • She highlighted dissatisfaction among women in domestic roles.
  • She co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966.
  • Friedan played a key role in demanding gender equality in society. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Civil Rights Act of 1964

  • The Civil Rights Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964.
  • It was a landmark law in the United States aimed at ending discrimination.
  • The Act outlawed discrimination based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin.
  • It ended racial segregation in schools, workplaces, and public facilities.
  • The Act also helped reduce gender discrimination in employment and wages. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Role of NOW and Protest Movements

  • NOW aimed to bring women into mainstream American society.
  • It organized marches, strikes, and protests for women’s equality.
  • Nationwide protests gained mass participation and visibility.
  • Feminists demanded political, social, and legal equality.
  • The movement created strong public awareness and pressure on the government. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and Legal Reforms

  • Feminists strongly supported the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).
  • Betty Friedan played a key role in campaigning for ERA.
  • ERA sought constitutional equality for women.
  • Women’s rights became part of national political debate.
  • Though passed by Congress, ERA failed due to lack of state ratification. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Women’s Health Movement and Employment Rights

  • The Women’s Health Movement emerged in the 1960s–1970s.
  • It challenged male dominance in healthcare systems.
  • More women entered medical and professional fields.
  • The movement highlighted discrimination in employment.
  • It led to the Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972).
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Measures of Government – Equal Pay Act, 1963

  • Women were paid less than men despite doing similar work.
  • Feminist groups protested against wage discrimination.
  • The Equal Pay Act was passed in 1963.
  • It prohibited sex-based wage discrimination.
  • Employers were required to pay equal wages for equal work. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Social Impact of the Feminist Movement

  • The feminist movement since the 1960s campaigned for equal pay, equal legal rights, women’s suffrage, and access to education.
  • Women gained rights such as divorce, property ownership, and greater personal freedom.
  • The movement helped reduce domestic violence and promoted women’s safety and dignity.
  • Birth control gave women control over family planning, enabling balance between career and family life.
  • It increased women’s employment opportunities, access to higher education, and support for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). 
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