मराठी
CISCEISC (Arts) Class 12
प्रश्नपत्रिका३७२
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तरे१६६८१
महत्वाचे प्रश्न आणि उत्तरे५८८५
संकल्पना स्पष्टीकरण आणि व्हिडिओ९५३
टाइम टेबल१५
अभ्यासक्रम

Overview of Changing Face of the Indian Democracy (1977-1986)

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Topics

  • Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase(1935-1947)
    • Role of M.N. Roy
    • Role of Jawaharlal Nehru
    • Role of Subhas Chandra Bose
    • Congress Socialists
    • Trade Union Activities
    • Kisan Sabha Movement
    • Growth of Communalism
    • Provincial Autonomy under the 1935 Act
    • The Congress Ministries
    • Assessment of the Activities
    • National Movements During the Second World War
    • The August Offer of 1940
    • Quit India Resolution
    • Spread of the Movement
    • Violent Public Reaction
    • Important Storm Centres of the Movement
    • Movement in Three Phases
    • Causes of the Failure of the Movement
    • Significance of the Movement
    • Contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose along with the Objectives of the INA
    • Significance of the INA Movement
    • Transfer of Power (1945-1947)
    • Reaction against the Cabinet Mission Plan
    • Communal Riots in different parts of the Country
    • Formation of the Interim Government
    • Attlee's Declaration of 1947
    • The Mountbatten Plan
    • The Indian Independence Act, 1947
    • Execution of the Mountbatten Plan
    • Overview of Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase(1935-1947)
  • Indian History
  • World History
  • Establishment and Development of Indian Democracy (1947-1966)
  • Challenges to Indian Democracy (1964-1977)
    • Period: (1964 to 1977)
    • Naxal Movement
    • Main Leaders of the Movement
    • J P Movement (1974-75)
    • Course of the Movement
    • Emergency (1975–1976)
    • Suspension of Democratic Organs
    • Criticism of the Emergency Era May Be Grouped As
    • Revocation of Emergency and Announcement of Elections (1977)
    • Overview of Challenges to Indian Democracy (1964-1977)
  • Changing Face of the Indian Democracy (1977-1986)
  • India's Foreign Policy
  • Movements for Women's Rights
  • World War-II
    • Factors Leading to the World War II
    • Aggressive Policy of Germany
    • Aggressive Policy of Italy
    • Aggressive Policy of Japan
    • Anglo-french Appeasement Policies
    • War in Europe
    • War in Africa
    • Attack on Russia
    • Fall of Italy
    • Fall of Germany
    • Fall of Japan
    • American Entry and Contribution to the Victory
    • Reasons for the Defeat of the Axis Powers
    • Overview of World War-II
  • De-Colonisation in Asia (China) and Africa (Ghana and Kenya)
  • Cold War 1945-1991 : Origin, Course, End and Impact
  • Protest Movements (Civil Rights Movement, Anti-Apartheid Movement and Feminist Movement)
  • Middle East : Israeli-Palestine Conflict (1916-1993)
    • Post-War Conflict in Palestine and the Formation of Israel
    • World Zionist Movement
    • Arab-Israeli Wars and the Camp David Accord (1948–1979)
    • The Suez Issue (1956)
    • Causes of the Arab-Israel War
    • The Six Day War (1967)
    • The Yom Kippur War (1973)
    • Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli Peace (1978-79)
    • Israel PLO OSLO Peace Accord (1993)
    • Overview of Middle East : Israeli-Palestine Conflict (1916-1993)
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: The Janata Government (1977-1979) > Restoration of Democracy

  • Indira Gandhi announced elections in January 1977 and released political prisoners.
  • Jayaprakash Narayan appealed for unity of all opposition parties.
  • Opposition groups merged to form the Janata Party in January 1977.
  • The Janata manifesto opposed Emergency and stressed restoration of democracy.
  • Janata Party won the 1977 elections, ending Congress rule at the Centre. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: The Janata Government (1977-1979) > Programme of the Janata Government

  • The Janata Government ended the Emergency, lifted censorship, and repealed Emergency-era decrees.
  • Constitutional amendments were made to restrict misuse of Emergency powers and protect judicial independence.
  • Congress-ruled state governments were dismissed and fresh Assembly elections were held in 1977.
  • Fundamental rights, civil liberties, and powers of the Supreme Court and High Courts were restored.
  • Emergency-era abuses and corruption cases, including those involving Indira and Sanjay Gandhi, were investigated. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: The Janata Government (1977-1979) > Reasons for its Down Fall

  • The Janata Party suffered from severe internal conflicts and ideological differences among its constituent groups.
  • Continuous factionalism and leadership rivalry paralyzed the government at the Centre and in states.
  • Failure to prove Emergency-era corruption cases reduced the government’s credibility and public support.
  • Economic difficulties, allegations of nepotism, and the decline of Jayaprakash Narayan weakened the party.
  • The government collapsed by 1979, leading to the return of Indira Gandhi and Congress (I) in the 1980 elections. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: The Janata Government (1977-1979) > Contribution

  • Restored civil liberties after Emergency.
  • Ended long Congress dominance.
  • Strengthened multi-party democracy.
  • First effective non-Congress alternative.
  • Lasting impact on Indian politics. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Return of Congress to Power (1979-1986) > Centre-state Relations with reference to Punjab

  • Centre–State relations in Punjab became strained due to political and regional demands.
  • Issues related to federalism and distribution of powers came to the forefront.
  • Demand for greater state autonomy challenged the authority of the Centre.
  • Punjab’s situation tested India’s federal structure.
  • Political instability affected Centre–State coordination. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Return of Congress to Power (1979-1986) > Separatist Demand

  • The Khalistan Movement demanded a separate Sikh state.
  • Akali Dal led peaceful protests to present demands.
  • Demands were based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution (1973).
  • The Resolution emphasized decentralization and state autonomy.
  • Issues included territorial, religious, and administrative demands.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Return of Congress to Power (1979-1986) > Centre’s Response

  • The Centre initially attempted negotiation with Sikh leaders.
  • Constitutional authority of the Centre was firmly asserted.
  • Law and order measures were taken to control unrest.
  • Political solutions were sought to restore stability.
  • Central intervention aimed at maintaining national unity. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Return of Congress to Power (1979-1986) > Objectives of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution

  • Demand for transfer of Chandigarh and Punjabi-speaking areas to Punjab.
  • Emphasis on greater decentralization and reduced role of the Central government.
  • Call for land reforms and industrial development in Punjab.
  • Demand for enactment of an all-India Gurudwara Act.
  • Protection of Sikh and minority rights within the Indian Union. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Return of Congress to Power (1979-1986) > Operation Blue Star

  • In the 1980s, sections of the Khalistan movement turned militant.
  • Indian security forces launched counter-military operations.
  • Operation Blue Star was carried out in June 1984 at the Golden Temple.
  • The operation resulted in loss of lives on both sides and widespread criticism.
  • It was followed by the assassination of Indira Gandhi and large-scale disturbances. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Return of Congress to Power (1979-1986) > Rajiv-Longowal Accord

  • The Rajiv–Longowal Accord was signed in July 1985 after Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister.
  • It was an agreement between the Prime Minister of India and Sant Longowal, President of the Akali Dal.
  • The Accord was also known as the Punjab Accord.
  • The Anandpur Sahib Resolution was to be referred to the Sarkaria Commission. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Return of Congress to Power (1979-1986) > Failure of the Rajiv–Longowal Accord (Punjab Accord)

  • Punjab government failed to present its case to the Sarkaria Commission.
  • The Commission could not complete identification of Hindi-speaking areas.
  • Repeated objections by the Punjab government delayed implementation.
  • The Mann Group raised fresh demands, preventing settlement.
  • No amicable resolution could be achieved with the Central government. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Assam Agitation & North-East Autonomy Demand > Autonomy

  • Autonomy means self-rule or making one’s own laws.
  • The term is derived from Greek words auto and nomo.
  • It allows limited self-government within a state.
  • Autonomous regions do not form independent states.
  • There is no universally accepted definition of autonomy. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Assam Agitation & North-East Autonomy Demand > Demand for Autonomy in the North-East

  • British isolation policy created resentment in the North-East.
  • Post-independence, ethnic groups felt alienated from India.
  • After the 1962 Indo-China war, the region was tightly controlled.
  • Suppression of movements led to resistance and militancy.
  • Several groups demanded autonomy and separate states. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Assam Agitation & North-East Autonomy Demand > Assam Movement/Assam Agitation (1979-1985)

  • The Assam Movement was a mass agitation against illegal immigrants.
  • It aimed to protect the identity of the Assamese people.
  • The movement opposed undocumented foreigners in Assam.
  • It remained largely non-violent, with some violent incidents.
  • The agitation continued until a political settlement was reached.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Assam Agitation & North-East Autonomy Demand > Role of AASU and AAGSP

  • AASU emerged as the leading organization of the movement.
  • AAGSP supported and coordinated mass protests.
  • They organized strikes, bandhs, and demonstrations.
  • They demanded identification and expulsion of illegal immigrants.
  • They represented popular public opinion in Assam. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Assam Agitation & North-East Autonomy Demand > Assam Accord, 1985

  • The Assam Accord was signed in August 1985.
  • It was signed between AASU-AAGSP leaders and the Government of India.
  • It ended the Assam Movement.
  • It fixed a cut-off date to identify illegal immigrants.
  • It aimed to safeguard Assamese political and cultural rights. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Assam Agitation & North-East Autonomy Demand > Nagaland’s Demand for Autonomy

  • British policy of non-interference led to isolation of the Naga people.
  • The Naga National Council (NNC) demanded self-rule and self-determination.
  • A referendum in 1951 showed overwhelming support for independence.
  • Armed insurgency followed the breakdown of talks with the government.
  • Nagaland became a full-fledged state in December 1963. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Assam Agitation & North-East Autonomy Demand > Mizoram

  • The Mizo Hills were part of Assam as the Lushai Hill District at independence.
  • In 1954, it was renamed the Mizo Hill District of Assam.
  • Laldenga led a movement demanding independence for the Mizo people.
  • In 1972, Mizoram was made a Union Territory after an accord with MNF moderates.
  • Mizoram attained full statehood in 1987. 
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