Topics
Structural Change
- Introduction to Structural Change
- Understanding Colonialism
- Urbanisation and Industrialisation
- Overview of Structural Change
Introducing Indian Society
Indian Society
Cultural Change
- Effects of Colonialisation in India
- Social Reform Movements in the 19th and Early 20th Century
- How Do We Approach the Study of Sanskritisation, Modernisation, Secularisation and Westernisation
- Different Kinds of Social Change
- Overview of Cultural Change
Social Change and Development in India
Demographic Structure and Indian Society
- Introduction to the Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
- Some Theories and Concepts in Demography
- Size and Growth of India’s Population
- Age Structure of the Indian Population
- The Declining Sex-ratio in India
- Literacy
- Rural-urban Differences
- Population Policy in India
- Overview of Demographic Structure and Indian Society
The Story of Indian Democracy
- Introduction to the Story of Indian Democracy
- The Indian Constitution
- The Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Rural Social Transformation
- Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Democratic Politics
Social Institutions - Continuity and Change
- Introduction to Social Institutions - Continuity and Change
- Caste and the Caste System
- The Tribal Community in India
- Family and Kinship
- Overview of Social Institutions - Continuity and Change
Change and Development in Rural Society
- Agrarian Structure: Caste and Class in Rural India
- The Impact of Land Reforms
- The Green Revolution and Its Social Consequences
- Rural Development in India (Sociological Perspective)
- Circulation of Labour
- Globalisation, Liberalisation, and Rural Society
- Overview of Change and Development in Rural Society
Market as a Social Institution
- Introduction to the Market as a Social Institution
- Sociological Perspectives on Markets and the Economy
- Understanding Capitalism as a Social System
- Globalisation – Interlinking of Local, Regional, National and International Markets
- Overview of Market as a Social Institution
Change and Development in Industrial Society
- Introduction to Change and Development in Industrial Society
- Images of Industrial Society
- Industrialisation in India
- How People Find Jobs
- How is Work Carried Out?
- Working Conditions
- Home-based Work
- Strikes and Unions
- Overview of Change and Development in Industrial Society
Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion
- Introduction to Pattern of Social Inquality and Exclusion
- What is Social About Social Inequality and Exclusion?
- Caste and Tribe – Systems Justifying and Perpetuating Inequality
- Struggle for Women’s Equality and Rights
- The Struggles of the Disabled
- Overview of Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
- Introduction to the Challenges of Cultural Diversity
- Cultural Communities and the Nation-state
- Regionalism in the Indian Context
- The Nation-state and Religion-related Issues and Identities
- State and Civil Society
- Overview of The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
Globalisation and Social Change
- Introduction to Globalisation and Social Change
- Are Global Interconnections New to World and to India
- Overview of Globalisation and Social Change
Suggestions for Project Work
- Variety of Methods
- Possible Themes and Subjects for Small Research Projects
Mass Media and Communication Process
- Introduction to Mass Media and Communication Process
- The Beginnings of Modern Mass Media
- Mass Media in Independent India
- Globalisation and the Media
- Overview of Mass Media and Communication Process
Social Movements
- Introduction to Social Movements
- Features of a Social Movement
- Sociology and Social Movements
- Types of Social Movements
- Ecological Movements
- Class Based Movements
- Caste Based Movements
- The Tribal Movements
- Womens’ Movement in India
- Overview of Social Movements
Estimated time: 51 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Are Global Interconnections New to World and to India
- Global interconnections are not new; India had contacts with other regions even thousands of years ago.
- Ancient trade routes like the Silk Route connected India with China, Persia, Egypt and Rome.
- People moved across regions as traders, conquerors and migrants, settling in new lands.
- Cultural exchange influenced languages, ideas, knowledge and traditions across Asia and beyond.
- Colonialism strengthened global links through migration, trade, and movement of labour, which continued after Independence.
CBSE: Class 12
Definition: Globalisation
Globalisation refers to the growing interdependence between different people, regions and countries in the world as social and economic relationships come to stretch world-wide.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: The Different Dimensions of Globalisation
- Economic Globalisation – Integration of national economies with the global market through trade, investment and capital flows.
- The Economic Policy of Liberalisation – Reduction of government control, removal of trade barriers, and opening of Indian economy to foreign markets.
- The transnational corporations – Multinational companies operate in many countries and influence production, employment and consumption patterns.
- The electronic economy – Use of digital technology allows instant transfer of money and information across countries.
- The Weightless Economy or Knowledge Economy – Economy based on information, software, services, media and technology rather than physical goods.
- Globalisation of Finance – International financial markets move huge amounts of capital quickly, increasing opportunities as well as risks.
- Role of International Institutions – Organisations like IMF, WTO and World Bank influence national economic policies.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Global Communications
- Technological Advances – Developments in telecommunication, satellites, Internet, email, mobile phones and digital media have transformed global communication.
- Compression of Time and Space – People across the world can communicate instantly, share documents, images and information despite physical distance.
- Digital Divide – Access to digital technology is unequal; urban and middle-class populations benefit more than rural and poorer sections.
- Digital India Initiative – The Indian government promotes digitisation to create a digitally empowered society and a knowledge-based economy.
- Growth of Internet and Mobile Use – Rapid increase in mobile phones and Internet usage, especially among urban youth, has changed communication, work and entertainment.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Globalisation and Labour
- New International Division of Labour – Routine manufacturing and employment are increasingly shifted to Third World countries where labour is cheaper.
- Role of Multinational Companies – MNCs like Nike outsource production across countries to reduce costs and maximise profits.
- Flexible Production – Production is no longer centralised; it is spread across different locations (post-Fordism).
- Labour Insecurity – Workers face job insecurity, low wages and poor working conditions as companies frequently shift production.
- Increased Vulnerability of Workers – Global competition makes labour more flexible but also more vulnerable, benefiting producers over workers.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Globalisation and Employment
- New Job Opportunities – Globalisation and the IT revolution have created new careers in call centres, BPOs, malls and private companies.
- Shift in Career Choices – Many middle-class youth now choose computer courses and private-sector jobs instead of traditional careers like UPSC or B.A./B.Com.
- Growth of Service Sector – Employment has expanded in services such as sales, outsourcing, IT and retail.
- Urban-Centric Benefits – Most new employment opportunities benefit the urban middle class rather than rural workers.
- Overall Employment Concern – Despite new jobs, broader employment trends remain disappointing with rising insecurity and limited quality jobs.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Globalisation and Political Changes
- Collapse of Socialist Bloc – The end of the socialist world accelerated globalisation and promoted neo-liberal economic policies.
- Shift to Market-Oriented Policies – Governments adopted policies favouring free markets, reduced state regulation, and cuts in subsidies.
- Political Vision of Globalisation – Globalisation is not only economic but also political, shaping how states govern and regulate economies.
- Growth of Regional Associations – International and regional bodies like the EU, ASEAN and SAARC have grown to promote political cooperation.
- Rise of IGOs and NGOs – Organisations like the WTO influence global trade rules, while NGOs such as Greenpeace and Red Cross address global issues independently of governments.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Globalisation and Culture
- Cultural Exchange Increases – Globalisation brings greater interaction between cultures, influencing clothes, food, music, films and lifestyles.
- Fear of Cultural Homogenisation – Some people fear that global culture will make all cultures similar and threaten local traditions.
- Glocalisation of Culture – Global influences are adapted to local cultures, creating a mix of global and local practices.
- Role of Media and Corporations – Global media and companies modify products to suit local tastes, such as Indian-language TV channels and localised food menus.
- Creation of New Cultural Forms – Globalisation does not destroy culture but leads to new cultural forms like fusion music, remix songs and blended lifestyles.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Gender and Culture
- Culture Used to Justify Inequality – Traditional cultural identity is often used to justify discrimination against women.
- Undemocratic Practices – Practices like sati, denial of education, and exclusion from public life were defended in the name of culture.
- Globalisation as a Tool – Globalisation can sometimes be used as an excuse to defend unjust practices against women.
- Indian Experience – In India, culture has evolved to question and reform discriminatory traditions.
- Inclusive Culture – Culture today can be redefined in a more democratic, inclusive, and gender-equal manner.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Culture of Consumption
- Culture and Lifestyle – Culture today includes consumption of food, dress, music, fashion, and entertainment.
- Growth of Consumer Culture – Globalisation has increased cultural consumption through malls, multiplexes, and theme parks.
- Role of Media and Advertising – Media and advertisements promote spending and encourage shopping as leisure.
- Urban Growth – Fashion, food, tourism, and entertainment industries contribute to the growth of cities.
- Changing Values – Shopping is now promoted as a lifestyle, and money has become central to cultural life.
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Corporate Culture
- Corporate culture aims to increase productivity and competitiveness in firms.
- It promotes employee loyalty through shared rituals, events and traditions.
- It encourages teamwork, discipline and group solidarity among workers.
- It influences the way products are promoted, packaged and marketed.
- It is common in multinational companies and modern corporate workplaces.
