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Answer the following question briefly.
Where do the rivers Indus and Ganga have their origin?

[2.3] Drainage
Chapter: [2.3] Drainage
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Name the two headstreams of the Ganga. Where do they meet to form the Ganga?

[2.3] Drainage
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Answer the following question briefly.

Why does the Brahmaputra in its Tibetan part have less silt, despite a longer course?

[2.3] Drainage
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Answer the following question briefly.

Which two Peninsular rivers flow through trough?

[2.3] Drainage
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Discuss the significant difference between the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers.

[2.3] Drainage
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Compare the east-flowing and the west-flowing rivers of the Peninsular Plateau.

[2.3] Drainage
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Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of the given clues.

Across

1. Nagarjuna Sagar is a river valley project. Name the river.

2. The longest river in India.

3. The river, which originates from a place known as Beas Kund.

4. The river, which rises in the Betul district of MP and flows westwards.

5. The river which was known as the “Sorrow” of West Bengal.

6. The river on which the reservoir for the Indira Gandhi canal has been built.

7. The river whose source lies near Rohtang Pass.

8. The longest river of Peninsular India.

Down

9. A tributary of the Indus originating from Himachal Pradesh.

10. The river flowing through the fault drains into the Arabian Sea.

11. A river of South India, which receives rainwater both in summer and winter.

12. A river which flows through Ladakh, Gilgit, and Pakistan.

13. An important river of the Indian desert.

14. The river which joins Chenab in Pakistan.

15. A river which rises at the Yamunotri glacier.

[2.3] Drainage
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Answer the following question briefly.
Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?

[2.4] Climate
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Answer the following question briefly.
Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar Coast?

[2.4] Climate
Chapter: [2.4] Climate
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Answer the following question briefly.
Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?

[2.4] Climate
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Answer the following question briefly.
Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?

[2.4] Climate
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Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India?

[2.4] Climate
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Give a reason as to why.

The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.

[2.4] Climate
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Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.

[2.4] Climate
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Now find out 

(vi) Why does Delhi receive more rain than Jodhpur?

[2.4] Climate
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Now think why While in Delhi and Jodhpur most of the rain is confined to nearly three months, in Thiruvananthapuram and Shillong it is almost nine months of the year?

In spite of these facts see carefully if there is strong evidence to conclude that the monsoons still provide a very strong framework lending overall climatic unity to the whole country.

[2.4] Climate
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In 2004 a report published in USA pointed to the increasing inequalities in that country. Inequalities in income reflected in the participation of people in democracy. It also shaped their abilities to influence the decisions taken by the government. The report highlighted that:

  • If an average Black family earns \$ 100 then the income of average White family is $ 162. A White family has twelve times more wealth than the average Black family.

  • In a President’s election ‘nearly 9 out of 10 individuals in families with income over \$ 75,000 have voted. These people are the top 20% of the population in terms of their income. On the other hand only 5 people out of 10 from families with income less than $ 15,000 have voted. They are the bottom 20% of the population in terms of their income.

  • About 95% contribution to the political parties comes from the rich. This gives them opportunity to express their opinions and concerns, which is not available to most citizens.

  • As poor sections participate less in politics, the government does not listen to their concerns − coming out of poverty, getting job, education, health, car and housing for them. Politicians hear most regularly about the concerns of business persons and the rich.

Write an essay on ‘Democracy and Poverty’ using the information given in this report but using examples from India. 

[3.1] What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
Chapter: [3.1] What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
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Here are some false statements. Identify the mistake in each case and rewrite these correctly based on what you have read in this chapter.
(a) Leaders of the freedom movement had an open mind about whether the country should be democratic or not after independence.
(b) Members of the Constituent Assembly of India held the same views on all provisions of the Constitution.
(c) A country that has a constitution must be a democracy.
(d) Constitution cannot be amended because it is the supreme law of a country.

[3.2] Constitutional Design
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Read again the extracts from Nehru's speech “Tryst with Destiny” and answer the following:
(a) Why did Nehru use the expression “not wholly or in full measure” in the first sentence?
(b) What pledge did he want the makers of the Indian Constitution to take?
(c) “The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye”. Who was he referring to?

[3.2] Constitutional Design
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Here are some of the guiding values of the Constitution and their meaning. Rewrite them by matching them correctly.

(a) Sovereign

(b) Republic

(c) Fraternity

(d) Secular

(i) Government will not favour any religion.

(ii) People have the supreme right to make decisions.

(iii) Head of the state is an elected person.

(iv) People should live like brothers and sisters.

[3.2] Constitutional Design
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