Revision: The Living World: Adaptations and Classification Science SSC (English Medium) 7th Standard Maharashtra State Board

Adaptation is a characteristic of the organism that enables it to survive and reproduce in its habitat. This characteristic can be morphological, physiological, or behavioural.

A taxon is a taxonomic group at any level. It represents a group of organisms at any level.

Classes comprising animals like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals constitute the next higher category called phylum. All these, based on common features like the presence of the notochord and dorsal hollow neural system, are included in the phylum Chordata. In the case of plants, classes with a few similar characters are assigned to a higher category called division.

Genus comprises a group of related species that have more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera. We can say that genera are aggregates of closely related species. For example, potato and brinjal are two different species, but both belong to the genus Solanum. Lions (Panthera leo), leopards (P. pardus), and tigers (P. tigris), with several common features, are all species of the genus Panthera. This genus differs from another genus, Felis, which includes cats.

1. The next category, family, has a group of related genera with a smaller number of similarities as compared to genus and species. Families are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species.
2. Among plants, for example, three different genera, Solanum, Petunia, and Datura, are placed in the family Solanaceae. For example, the genus Panthera, comprising lions, tigers, and leopards, is put along with the genus  Felis (cats) in the family Felidae. Similarly, if you observe the features of a cat and a dog, you will find some similarities and some differences as well.
3. They are separated into two different families – Felidae and Canidae, respectively.

1. You have seen earlier that categories like species, genus, and families are based on a number of similar characters.
2. Generally, order and other higher taxonomic categories are identified based on the aggregates of characters. Order, being a higher category, is the assemblage of families that exhibit a few similar characters.
3. The similar characters are fewer in number as compared to the different genera included in a family. Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are included in the order Polymoniales, mainly based on their floral characters.
4. The animal order, Carnivora, includes families like Felidae and Canidae.

This category includes related orders. For example, order Primata, comprising monkeys, gorillas, and gibbons, is placed in class Mammalia, along with order Carnivora, which includes animals like tigers, cats, and dogs. Class Mammalia has other orders as well.

Nomenclature is the system of assignment of names to organic compounds.

• Reptiles like snakes and earthworms use their muscles to creep and move. Snakes have special adaptations like scales on their skin that help them glide smoothly on the ground. They move by contracting their muscles in a wave-like motion.
• Animals like house lizards and monitor lizards have clawed toes, which help them grip surfaces and climb easily. Their thin soles help them stick to walls and move without slipping.
• Many reptiles, like garden lizards, can change their body colour to blend in with their surroundings. This helps them hide from predators and catch prey.
• Snakes and other reptiles have scaly, tough skin that protects them from harsh environments and prevents water loss.

Reptiles

• The IUPAC system provides a unique, systematic way to name carbon compounds based on structure, replacing confusing common names.
• An IUPAC name has three parts: prefix, parent, and suffix, reflecting the carbon chain and functional group.
• The parent name is based on the longest carbon chain, and its ending changes to –ane, –ene, or –yne depending on the number of bonds.
• Functional groups are shown as prefixes or suffixes, and the chain is numbered to give them the lowest possible number.
• If the suffix begins with a vowel, the final ‘e’ in the parent alkane name is dropped (e.g., propane → propanone).