- Genetic engineering is the manipulation of DNA to modify genes, transfer them between organisms, or alter gene expression.
- Because the genetic code is universal, genes from one organism can function in another to produce useful products like human insulin and growth hormone.
- This technology is used to create transgenic organisms and genetically modified crops with improved traits such as disease resistance and better nutrition.
Definitions [2]
Define genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering is the manipulation and transfer of genes from one organism to another organism to create a new DNA called recombinant DNA (rDNA). Genetic engineering is also called recombinant DNA technology.
Definition: DNA Fingerprinting
The technique of identifying an individual by analyzing the unique DNA sequence present in each person, similar to fingerprints, is called DNA fingerprinting.
Key Points
Key Points: Green Revolution
- Green Revolution refers to the collective methods used to obtain maximum agricultural yield from minimum land to overcome food scarcity caused by population explosion.
- Development of high-yielding dwarf varieties of wheat and rice, along with proper use of fertilizers, pesticides, and water management, greatly increased food grain production.
- Dr. Norman Borlaug and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan played key roles in the Green Revolution, supported by research institutes like IARI, New Delhi, and other national agricultural research centers.
Key Points: Genetic Engineering
Key Points: DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA sequences.
- It is based on repetitive DNA sequences called VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats), which show high polymorphism among individuals.
- These repetitive sequences are part of satellite DNA, including minisatellites and microsatellites.
- The technique was developed by Alec Jeffreys, and even a very small DNA sample can be used.
- The main steps include DNA extraction, PCR amplification, restriction digestion, gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, hybridisation, and autoradiography.
- The resulting banding pattern is unique for each individual, except in identical (monozygotic) twins.
- DNA fingerprinting is widely used in forensic science, paternity testing, and personal identification.
- It is also useful in studying genetic diversity, population structure, and diagnosing certain inherited diseases.
