Geography Board Sample Paper 2025-2026 Commerce (English Medium) Class 12 Question Paper Solution

Refer to the bar graph displaying the population of various countries. What is the approximate combined population of the three least populous countries shown in the graph?

500 million

400 million

300 million

200 million

Study the graph given below and answer the following.

A country is currently experiencing low birth rates, low death rates, and a highly urbanized society with advanced healthcare and industrial infrastructure. Based on the Demographic Transition Theory, this country is most likely in which stage?

Stage I: High Fluctuating

Stage II: Expanding

Stage III: Low Fluctuating

Pre-Transition Phase

Country Y has an HDI of 0.950 and is ranked among the highest in human development. Which of the following policies should it focus on to maintain this status?

Increasing industrial output to boost GNI per capita.

Not investing on infrastructure for healthcare and education.

Reducing emphasis on education to focus on economic activities.

Strengthening policies on environmental sustainability and social equity.

Assertion (A): Population change in an area is an important indicator of economic development, social upliftment, and historical and cultural background of the region.

Reason (R): The population growth or population change refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time, which can be expressed in terms of absolute numbers or percentage.

Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(A) is true, but (R) is false.

(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Which of the following activities is an example of a quaternary activity?

Transporting coal from mines to factories via railways.

A lawyer drafting contracts for corporate clients.

A salesperson working at a local supermarket.

A scientist developing genetically modified crops in a research lab.

Match the following policies with the pillar of human development they reflect:

1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - c, 4 - d

1 - b, 2 - a, 3 - d, 4 - c

1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - b, 4 - a

1 - d, 2 - c, 3 - a, 4 - b

What is the primary purpose of Regional Trade Blocs?

To reduce global trade by limiting international exchanges between member nations.

To encourage trade between countries with geographical proximity and similar or complementary trading items while reducing trade restrictions in the developing world.

To replace global organizations and regulate all international trade activities globally.

To enforce trade tariffs between member nations and prevent free trade agreements.

The given graph shows the trend of exports and imports (in Rs. Crores) over the years 2013-14 to 2021-22.

Based on the graph, which of the following statements is correct?

Imports consistently increased from 2013-14 to 2021-22.

Exports and imports were nearly equal in 2016-17.

There was no significant change in exports between 2013-14 and 2016-17.

Exports showed a sharper increase compared to imports 2016- 17 and 2021-22.

The percentage decadal growth rate of India’s population declined significantly between 1991-2001 and 2001-2011. If a policymaker wants to maintain a steady growth rate, which of the following strategies would be most effective?

Encourage higher birth rates to boost population growth.

Focus on reducing investment in healthcare.

Implement policies to encourage rural-to-urban migration.

Promote balanced population growth through family planning and education initiatives.

If a region has a high proportion of people aged below 15 years and above 65 years, what challenge is most likely to arise?

High literacy rate.

Low dependency ratio.

Economic strain on the working-age population.

High participation in the labour force.

Which of the following was not a measure adopted by the Government of India in the 1990s to promote liberalization and a free-market economy to influence the development of Indian agriculture?

The creation of the Farmer’s Portal to assist with insurance, agricultural storage, crops, seeds, pesticides, market prices, and welfare schemes.

Launch of the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience while conserving natural resources.

Promotion of organic farming through schemes like Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).

Introduction of high-yielding seed varieties of wheat (Mexico) and rice (the Philippines) in the 1960s and 1970s.

Which of the following statements about agricultural land use in India between 1950-51 and 2014-15 is correct based on the table?

The percentage of culturable waste land as part of the reporting area decreased from 8.0% to 4.0%.

The net area sown as a percentage of total cultivable land decreased from 78.4% to 70.0%.

The percentage of current fallow land as part of the reporting area decreased from 4.9% to 3.7%.

The total cultivable land as a percentage of the reporting area increased from 58.0% to 59.5%.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the objectives of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)?

1. To promote the exclusive use of traditional irrigation methods in rain-fed areas.
2. To ensure access to protective irrigation for all agricultural farms and expand cultivable areas under assured irrigation.
3. To integrate water resources, distribution, and efficient usage through technologies like “Per Drop More Crop”.
4. To introduce sustainable water conservation practices and improve on-farm water use efficiency.

1 and 3 only.

2, 3, and 4 only.

1, 2, and 4 only.

1, 2, 3 and 4.

As a policymaker, tasked with fostering behavioural changes in the community to shift from a prevailing attitude of consumption to one focused on conservation and smart water management, which of the following programs would you prioritize for implementation?

Arvary Pani Sansad

Atal Bhujal Yojana

National Water Policy, 2012

Jal Kranti Abhiyan

Assertion (A): Bio-energy is a sustainable and versatile source of energy that can be converted into electrical energy, heat energy, or gas for cooking.

Reason (R): Bio-energy not only processes waste and garbage to produce energy but also reduces environmental pollution, enhances self-reliance, and improves the economic life of rural areas in developing countries.

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Match the mode of transport with its description:

a - 3, b - 4, c - 1, d - 2

a - 2, b - 3, c - 4, d - 1

a - 1, b - 2, c - 3, d - 4

a - 4, b - 1, c - 2, d - 3

UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) is a first-of-its kind scheme globally, designed to jump- start the regional aviation market. Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) -UDAN was conceived by the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) Govt. of India, to promote regional connectivity by making fly affordable for the common citizen. The central idea of UDAN is: 

To encourage airlines to operate flights on regional and remote routes through enabling policies and extending incentives.

To ensure the development of world-class international airports in metropolitan cities.

To provide subsidies to private airlines for expanding their global flight operations.

To improve air cargo infrastructure to support trade and export activities in rural areas.

1. Who proposed the concept of neo-determinism? 
2. How did Taylor view the relationship between nature and a country’s economic program? 
3. Why neo determinism has become quite relevant in the presentday context?

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follows:

1. What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure according to the source?
2. What significant trend did the 2023 HDI report highlight regarding the world’s poorest nations?
3. Which three countries were ranked highest in the 2023 Human Development Index?

Explain how outsourcing has impacted both the countries that outsource work and the countries receiving outsourced jobs.

How can we promote sustainable urban development while addressing challenges like pollution, resource scarcity, and congestion in growing cities and new towns? 

Identify and explain three measures that urban planners can adopt to address urban transportation challenges, including congestion, pollution, and inefficiency.

Discuss the key features of population growth in India during the period 1951–1981 including the main reasons for the rapid population increase during this phase?

Who are adolescents?

Why are adolescents considered important in the population?

What are the challenges faced by society in dealing with adolescents?

Explain how pastoral nomadism is an adaptation to specific geographical conditions. Illustrate your answer with examples from different regions of the world.

“Mining has played a significant role in human development, especially since the Industrial Revolution.” In view of the statement, discuss the factors affecting mining activities. What are the economic and social impacts of mining on developed and developing countries, and how do these impacts differ based on their levels of industrialization and labour dynamics?

How have countries like India, China, Brazil and Indonesia benefitted from the development of small-scale industries?

What are technopolies?

Give two examples of technopolies.

Explain with examples any five factors that are responsible for the industrial location.

Explain the problems faced by slum dwellers in urban areas. How do these problems impact their quality of life?

“Noise pollution has emerged as a serious problem despite being location specific.” Analyse the statement and explain.

Study the table showing the composition of India’s exports since 2015-2021 and answer the question.

How have the composition and trends in India’s exports evolved since 2015-16? Highlight five key changes.

Formulate a development plan for the Bharmaur tribal region under the Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP), focusing on improving agriculture, education, and livelihood opportunities, considering the region’s climatic conditions, socio-economic challenges, and potential for sustainable development.

The development of the Indira Gandhi Canal Command area has led to the degradation of the physical environment there. Suggest five measures to promote ecological sustainability in the Indira Gandhi Canal Project.

On the given political map of the world, seven geographical features have been marked as A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Identify any five with the help of the following information and write their correct names.

1. Name a major seaport of Europe.
2. Name an important seaport located in South Africa.
3. Name the canal that connects Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.
4. Name an area of subsistence gathering in South America.
5. Name one major airport of South America.
6. Name the easternmost terminal station of the Trans-Siberian Railway. 
7. Name the area of extensive commercial grain agriculture in Australia.

Locate and label any five of the following geographical features on the political outline map of India with appropriate symbols:

1. An important iron ore mine in Odisha. 
2. Southernmost seaport of India.
3. An oil refinery in Gujarat. 
4. The state with highest population density. 
5. The state leading in the production of tea. 
6. An international airport in Karnataka. 
7. An important coal mine in West Bengal.