Question

Which of the following combinations is required for chemiosmosis?

विकल्प

• membrane, proton pump, proton gradient, NADP synthase

• proton pump, electron gradient, ATP synthase

• proton pump, electron gradient, NADP synthase

• membrane, proton pump, proton gradient, ATP synthase

Answer 1

membrane, proton pump, proton gradient, ATP synthase

Explanation:

Chemiosmosis is a fundamental energy-producing process that takes place in the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis and the inner mitochondrial membrane during cellular respiration. It works by using a proton pump (like the electron transport chain) to move H⁺ ions across a semipermeable membrane, creating a proton gradient. This stored energy then flows through ATP synthase, which converts ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.