Question

This is a verse composed by Appar, a Nayanar saint: O rogues who quote the law books, Of what use are your gotra and kula? Just bow to Marperu’s lord (Shiva who resides in Marperu, in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu) as your sole refuge.

Are there any similarities or differences in the attitudes of Tondaradippodi and Appar towards Brahmanas?

Answer 1

Yes, there are major similarities in how both saints approached Brahmanas and the orthodox religious social order. Both prioritised pure devotion (bhakti) over caste identity and ritual learning.

1. Similarities
   • Rejection of Social Hierarchy: Both saints explicitly mock or dismiss the importance of birth-based titles. Appar dismisses the value of lineage (gotra and kula), while Tondaradippodi argues that an “outcaste” devoted to God is far superior to a learned scholar.
   • Criticism of Orthodox Scholars: Both critique Brahmanas who rely purely on scriptural knowledge without true love for God. Appar addresses them sharply as “rogues who quote the law books,” while Tondaradippodi describes learned Chaturvedins (those well-versed in the four Vedas) as “strangers” to the Lord if they lack devotion.
   • Devotion as the Ultimate Refuge: Both offer absolute surrender to a specific personal deity as the only path to salvation, completely bypassing the need for Brahmanical rituals or scriptural expertise.
2. Differences:
   • Target of the Critique: Appar directly attacks the social markers of caste identity (gotra and kula) and law books (Shastras) typically upheld by the Brahmanas. In contrast, Tondaradippodi targets the pride associated with Vedic scholarship (Chaturvedins).
   • Deity Focus: Appar directs his devotion toward Shiva (the Lord of Marperu), reflecting his Nayanar identity, while Tondaradippodi focuses entirely on Vishnu, reflecting his Alvar identity.