Question

The Naxal Movement in India began in the 1960s as a left-wing extremist movement, primarily driven by socio-economic issues.

In this context, explain any four causes for the rise of the Naxal Movement.

Answer 1

The Naxal Movement began in Naxalbari, West Bengal, in 1967 and was driven by the following socio-economic causes:

1. Exploitation of Peasants and Landless Labourers: The movement was motivated by the exploitation of poor peasants and landless labourers by wealthy landlords (zamindars). The Naxalites aimed to transfer land to the landless and end the feudal system.
2. Inequality in Land Ownership: Land was owned primarily by a tiny minority of landlords, while the rest of the peasants worked as tenants or labourers. Unequal land distribution led to significant resentment among the rural poor.
3. Failure of Government Policies: The government’s land reform and welfare initiatives did not address the concerns of the rural poor. The absence of effective action fuelled frustration and support for the Naxalite cause.
4. Inspiration from Maoist Ideology: The Naxalites were influenced by Maoist ideology, which called for armed revolution to overthrow the existing system and create a classless society. They believed in utilising violence to achieve their goals.