Question

Specify any two processes that help in attitude formation and explain how it occurs.

Answer 1

Two common processes through which attitudes are formed are:

1. Learning by Association (Classical Conditioning): When a neutral object is regularly associated with something that already produces a good or negative emotion, an attitude develops. For example, if a student has a kind and supportive teacher on a consistent basis, they may acquire a favourable attitude toward the subject taught by that instructor because it has become associated with good feelings.
2. Learning by Reward or Punishment (Instrumental Conditioning): Attitudes are shaped by the consequences of their expression. When a person offers an opinion and is rewarded (with praise or acceptance), the attitude is strengthened. In contrast, if they are punished or ignored for their views, that attitude is likely to weaken or change. For example, if a child is commended by their parents for choosing fruit over candy, they may acquire a favourable attitude towards healthy eating.