Question

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow.

Stress can adversely affect one’s health. Some of the key biological mechanisms through which stress impacts health is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and cortisol. The studies reviewed in this article confirm that stress has an impact on multiple biological systems affecting one’s health. Counsellors work with such people experiencing a wide range of emotional and psychological problems. They help them bring about effective change and/or enhance their wellbeing.

1. With reference to the above study, explain any two characteristics of a Counsellor that would help to enhance an individual’s well-being.   [2]
2. With reference to the above study on biological mechanisms, examine any two long-term effects of stress on health.   [2]

Answer 1

1. Characteristics of a Counsellor that would enhance the well-being of an individual
   • Authenticity: A counsellor must possess the quality of genuineness that would foster trust and develop rapport with the client.
   • Positive Regard for Others: In a counselling-counsellor relationship, a good relationship allows freedom of expression. The counsellor must allow free expression of feelings to the client. The feelings of anxiety and fear get minimised when a counsellor extends a positive regard to the client by accepting that it is alright to feel the way the client does.
   • Empathy: This is one of the most critical competencies that a counsellor needs to have. It is the ability of a counsellor to understand the feelings of another person from their perspective. The counsellor has to step into the client’s shoes and understand their pain and trouble.
2. Effects of Stress on health
   • Immune System: Foreign bodies called antigens are attacked by WBCs, which produce antibodies to neutralise them. This removes potential threats and keeps us healthy. Prolonged stress disrupts this balance, as in the long run it has a negative impact since protein is used up. Protein is needed to make new cells like white blood cells. If WBCs are in short supply, then the body loses its immunity.
   • Coronary Heart Disease: Type A personality is more prone to it. Epinephrine and norepinephrine secretions due to stress affect the heart and increase blood pressure. An adrenaline surge causes blood to clot rapidly, causing heart diseases.