Question

Give a critical estimate of the working of the Congress Ministries in the years 1937-39 in the provinces.

Answer 1

1. The working of the Congress Ministries in the provinces from 1937 to 1939 marked an important chapter in India’s political history. 
2. Formed under the Government of India Act, 1935, the Congress came to power in seven provinces. The ministries undertook several welfare measures aimed at improving the condition of the masses.
3. They introduced reforms in education, agriculture, public health, and labour. Steps were taken to reduce land revenue, abolish forced labour; expand primary education, and provide relief to peasants. Civil liberties such as freedom of speech and press were encouraged, and political prisoners were released.
4. The Congress governments also tried to combat social evils like untouchability and promoted Khadi and village industries. However, their tenure was not without criticism.
5. Financial limitations and opposition from landlords and industrialists hampered the implementation of many reforms. 
6. Minority communities, especially Muslims, felt alienated, and they accused the Congress of favouring Hindu interests, which deepened communal tensions.
7. Furthermore, internal divisions within the Congress and the refusal of the British to consult Indian leaders before involving India in World War II led to a political crisis.
8. As a result, all Congress ministries resigned in 1939. Despite limitations, the period demonstrated the Congress’s administrative abilities and exposed the constraints of colonial rule.