Question

Discuss the features of Judiciary in India.

Answer 1

The features of the Judiciary in India, as detailed in the document, include the following:

1. Single Integrated Judicial System: Unlike the U.S., which has a dual system, India has a unified judicial system with the Supreme Court at the apex, followed by High Courts at the state level and subordinate courts under them.
2. Independence of the Judiciary: Ensured through various constitutional provisions such as high qualifications for judges, a rigorous impeachment process for removal, fixed service conditions, and autonomy in functioning.
3. Judicial Review: Both the Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to review the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, thereby safeguarding the Constitution and Fundamental Rights.
4. Final Interpreter of the Constitution: The Supreme Court is the final authority on interpreting the Constitution.
5. Joint High Courts: Article 231 allows the establishment of a common High Court for two or more states or a union territory.
6. Guardian of Fundamental Rights: The judiciary ensures the protection of rights through writs and constitutional remedies under Article 32.
7. Arbiter of Center-State Disputes: The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in legal disputes between states or between the centre and states.
8. Separation from Executive: The judiciary operates independently from the executive, ensuring impartial judicial administration.
9. Public Interest Litigation (PIL): Allows courts to take up cases on behalf of public interest, enabling proactive judicial intervention in social issues.
10. Special and Fast Track Courts: Established to ensure speedy and focused justice delivery in specified cases.