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प्रश्न
Compare and contrast technological and integral approaches to intelligence. Also discuss the cultural factors that may influence these perspectives.
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उत्तर
The technological and integral approaches to intelligence offer distinct yet meaningful ways of understanding it. Each approach is based on distinct assumptions about human thinking and is influenced by cultural backgrounds.
The technological approach is mainly quantitative and focuses on measurement. It stresses accuracy, objectivity, and standardisation, often using tools like IQ tests. Rooted in Western scientific traditions, it emphasises cognitive skills such as reasoning, memory, logical thinking, and problem-solving. Intelligence is assigned a numerical score and is closely linked to efficiency, performance, and academic and career success, reflecting cultures that value individual achievement and technological progress.
On the other hand, the integral approach sees intelligence as holistic and context-based. It includes emotional, social, cultural, and spiritual aspects along with cognitive abilities.
Common in non-Western cultures, it views intelligence as the ability to live harmoniously within society. This approach values empathy, adaptability, wisdom, and ethical behaviour, and recognises diverse abilities like artistic and interpersonal skills. Cultural values strongly shape which approach is emphasised, with Western cultures favouring technological views and collectivist cultures supporting integral perspectives.
