Topics
Solutions
- Introduction to Solution
- Expressing Concentration of Solutions
- Solubility
- Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
- Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
- Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions
- Raoult’s Law as a Special Case of Henry’s Law
- Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids
- Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
- Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass
- Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
- Elevation of Boiling Point
- Depression of Freezing Point
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification
- Abnormal Molar Masses
- Solution Numericals
- Quantitative Concentration Numericals
- Composition of Vapour Phase
- Overview of Solutions
- Kohlrausch's law
Solid State
- General Characteristics of Solid State
- Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells - Primitive and Centred Unit Cells
- Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell
- Close Packed Structures of Solids
- Close Packed Structures - Formula of a Compound and Number of Voids Filled
- Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures
- Efficiency of Packing in Body-centred Cubic Structures
- Packing Efficiency in Simple Cubic Lattice
- Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions
- Imperfections in Solids - Introduction
- Types of Point Defects - Stoichiometric Defects
- Types of Point Defects - Impurity Defects
- Types of Point Defects - Non-stoichiometric Defects
- Properties of Solids: Electrical Properties
- Conduction of Electricity in Metals
- Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors
- Applications of n-type and p-type Semiconductors
- Properties of Solids: Magnetic Properties
- Band Theory of Metals
- Solid State Numericals
Electrochemistry
- Introduction to Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical Cells
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
- Galvanic Cells - Measurement of Electrode Potential
- Nernst Equation
- Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
- Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction
- Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions - Introduction
- Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions
- Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis - Introduction
- Products of Electrolysis
- Primary Batteries
- Secondary Batteries
- Fuel Cells
- Corrosion of Metals
- Relation Between Gibbs Energy Change and Emf of a Cell
- Lead Accumulator
- Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Overview of Electrochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction
- Integrated Rate Equations
- Zero Order Reactions
- First Order Reactions
- Half Life Period of a Reaction
- Pseudo First Order Reaction
- Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction
- Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
- Effect of Catalyst on the Rate of Reaction
- Kinetic Energy of Molecule
- Role of Catalyst
- Rate Law and Specific Rate Constant
- Overview of Chemical Kinetics
d-block and f-block Elements
- General Introduction of "d" and "f" Block Element
- Position in the Periodic Table - d-block Elements
- Electronic Configurations of the d-block Elements
- General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-block)
- Important Compounds of Transition Elements
- The Lanthanoids
- The Actinoids
- Applications of d and f Block Elements
- "D" and "F" Block Elements Numericals
- Overview of d-block and f-block Elements
Coordination Compounds
- Concept of Coordination Compounds
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
- Types of Ligands
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Stereoisomerism
- Structural Isomerism
- Bonding in Coordination Compounds
- Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
- Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
- Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
- Colour in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
- Stability of Coordination Compounds
- Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds
- Coordination Compounds Numerical
- Overview of Coordination Compounds
Surface Chemistry
- Introduction of Adsorption
- Distinction Between Adsorption and Absorption
- Mechanism of Adsorption
- Types of Adsorption
- Adsorption Isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm)
- Adsorption from Solution Phase
- Applications of Adsorption
- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Shape-selective Catalysis by Zeolites
- Enzyme Catalysis
- Catalysts in Industry
- Colloids
- Preparation of Colloids
- Purification of Colloidal Solution
- Properties of Colloidal Dispersions
- Preparation of Colloids
- Purification of Colloidal Solution
- Properties of Colloidal Solutions
- Emulsions
- Colloids Around Us
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Nomenclature
- Nature of C-X Bond
- Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes
- Methods of Preparation of Haloarenes
- Physical Properties of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Elimination Reactions
- Reactions of Haloalkanes - Reaction with Metals
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Nucleophilic Substitution
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
- Reactions of Haloarenes - Reaction with Metals
- Polyhalogen Compounds
- R-s and D-l Configuration
- Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Numericals
- Overview of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Occurrence of Metals
- Types of Separation or Concentration of an Ore
- Hydraulic Washing
- Magnetic Separation
- Froth Floatation Method
- Leaching
- Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
- Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
- Application of Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
- Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
- Oxidation Reduction
- Refining of Crude Metals
- Principles and Methods of Extraction - Concentration
- Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron
- General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Numerical
P - Block Elements
- Group 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family
- Dinitrogen
- Ammonia
- Oxides of Nitrogen
- Nitric Acid
- Phosphorus - Allotropic Forms
- Compounds of Phosphorus
- Phosphine
- Phosphorus Halides
- Oxoacids of Phosphorus
- Group 16 Elements - The Oxygen Family
- Dioxygen
- Classification of Oxides
- Simple Oxides
- Ozone
- Sulphur - Allotropic Forms
- Compounds of Sulphur
- Sulphur Dioxide
- Oxoacids of Sulphur
- Sulphuric Acid
- Group 17 Elements - The Halogen Family
- Compounds of Halogens
- Chlorine
- Hydrogen Chloride
- Oxoacids of Halogens
- Interhalogen Compounds
- Group 18 Elements - The Noble gas Family
- P Block Elements
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Classification of Alcohols and Phenols
- Classification of Ethers
- Nomenclature
- Structures of Functional Groups of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Methods of Preparation of Alcohols
- Methods of Preparation of Phenols
- Chemical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
- Reactions Involving Cleavage of O-H Bond
- Reactions Involving Cleavage of Carbon–Oxygen (C–O) Bond in Alcohols
- Chemical Properties of Phenol
- Preparation of Commercially Important Alcohols
- Preparation of Ethers
- Physical Properties of Ethers
- Chemical Reaction of Ethers - Cleavege of C-O Bonds
- Chemical Reaction of Ethers - Electrophilic Substitution
- Overview of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Concepts of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Nature of Carbonyl Group
- Structure of the Carbonyl Group
- Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of Aldehydes
- Preparation of Ketones
- Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reduction
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Oxidation
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions Due to α-hydrogen
- Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Other Reactions
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Structure of the Carboxyl group
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of O-H Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving Cleavege of C-OH Bond
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Reactions Involving –COOH Group
- Chemical Reactions of Carboxylic Acids - Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids
- Overview: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Amines
- Concept of Amines
- Structure of Amines
- Classification of Amines
- Nomenclature of Animes
- Preparation of Amines
- Physical Properties of Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Basic Character of Amines
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Alkylation and Acylation
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Carbylamine Reaction
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Nitrous Acid
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Reaction with Arylsulphonyl Chloride
- Chemical Reactions of Amines - Electrophilic Substitution
- Uses of Amines
- Identification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
- Cyanides and Isocyanides
- Diazonium Salts
- Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
- Physical Properties of Diazonium Salts
- Chemical Reaction of Diazonium Salts - Reactions Involving Displacement of Nitrogen
- Chemical Reaction of Diazonium Salts - Reactions Involving Retention of Diazo Group
- Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
- Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Numericals
- Overview of Amines
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Carbohydrates
- Classification of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccahrides
- Preparation of Glucose
- Structures of Glucose
- Fructose
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Importance of Carbohydrates
- Introduction of Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Classification of Amino Acids
- Structure of Proteins
- Denaturation of Proteins
- Peptide
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Enzymes
- Mechanism of Enzyme Action
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Proteins
- Classification of Vitamins
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Nucleic Acids
- Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids
- Structure of Nucleic Acids
- Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Hormones
- Biomolecules Numericals
- Chemical Coordination
- Overview of Biomolecules
Polymers
- Introduction to Polymers
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Source or Origin
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Structure
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Mode of Polymerisation
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Intermolecular Forces
- Classification of Polymers Based on Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Condensation Polymerisation Or Step Growth Polymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Copolymerisation
- Types of Polymerisation Reactions - Rubber
- Molecular Mass of Polymers
- Classification of Polymers> Based on Biodegradability
- Polymers of Commercial Importance
- Some Important Polymers
- Polymers Numericals
Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Classification of Drugs
- Drug-target Interaction - Enzymes as Drug Targets
- Drug-target Interaction - Receptors as Drug Targets
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antacids
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antihistamines
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Neurologically Active Drugs
- Antimicrobials
- Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs - Antifertility Drugs
- Chemicals in Food - Artificial Sweetening Agents and Food Preservatives
- Cleansing Agents
- Chemistry in Everyday Life Numericals
Estimated time: 3 minutes
Maharashtra State Board: Class 12
Key Points: Antimicrobials
Antimicrobials are drugs that kill or inhibit microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
Types of Antimicrobials:
| Type | Where Used | Action | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics | Internal use | Selective toxicity (kills microbes, not host); produced by microorganisms | Penicillin, chloramphenicol |
| Antiseptics | Applied to living tissues | Prevent infection (safe for skin) | Dettol, iodine |
| Disinfectants | Applied to non-living surfaces | Kill wide range of microbes | Phenol |
Spectrum of Antibiotics:
| Type | Effective Against |
|---|---|
| Broad spectrum | Many bacteria |
| Narrow spectrum | Specific group |
| Limited spectrum | Single organism |
Shaalaa.com | Chemistry in Everyday life part 9 (Anitbiotics history)
Related QuestionsVIEW ALL [37]
Match the classes of drugs given in Column I with their action given in Column II.
| Column I | Column II |
| (i) Analgesics | (a) Inhibit the growth of microorganisms can be given orally |
| (ii) Antiseptics | (b) Treatment of stress |
| (iii) Antihistamines | (c) Applied to inanimate objects |
| (iv) Antacids | (d) Prevents the interaction of histamine with its receptor |
| (v) Tranquilisers | (e) Pain killing effect |
| (vi) Antibiotics | (f) Applied to diseased skin surfaces |
| (vii) Disinfectants | (g) Treatment of acidity |
