Topics
Metallurgy
p-block Elements-I
- General Trends in Properties of p-block Elements
- Group 13 Elements - The Boron Family
- Group 14 Elements - The Carbon Family
p-block Elements - II
Transition and Inner Transition Elements
- Position of d- Block Elements in the Periodic Table
- Electronic Configuration
- General Trend in Properties
- Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
- The f-Block Elements (Inner-transition Elements)
Coordination Chemistry
- Coordination Compounds and Double Salts
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Definition of Important Terms Pertaining to Co-ordination Compounds
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Theories of Coordination Compound
- Stability of Metal Complexes
- Importance and Applications of Coordination Complexes
Solid State
- General Characteristics of Solids
- Classification of Solids
- Classification of Crystalline Solids
- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
- Primitive and Non-primitive Unit Cell
- Packing in Crystals
- Imperfection in Solids
Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of Chemical Reaction
- Molecularity of Reaction
- Integrated Rate Equations
- First Order Reactions
- Pseudo First Order Reaction
- Zero Order Reactions
- Half Life Period of a Reaction
- Collision Theory
- Arrhenius Equation – the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
- Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate
Ionic Equilibrium
- Acids and Bases in Daily Life
- Ionisation of Water
- The pH Scale
- Ionisation of Weak Acids
- Common Ion Effect
- Buffer Solutions
- Salt Hydrolysis
- Solubility Product Constant
Electro Chemistry
- Conductivity of Electrolytic Solution
- Variation of Molar Conductivity with Concentration
- Electrochemical Cells
- Thermodynamics of Cell Reactions
Surface Chemistry
- Adsorption and Absorption
- Catalysis
- Enzyme Catalysis
- Zeolite Catalysis
- Colloid, Dispersion Phase and Dispersion Medium
- Emulsions
- Various Application of Colloids
Hydroxy Compounds and Ethers
- Classification of Alcohols
- Nomenclature
- Reactions of Benzene Ring
- Preparation of Ethers
Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Structure of Carbonyl Group
- General Methods of Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Test for Aldehydes
- Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
- Structure of the Carboxyl group
- Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
- Functional Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
- Uses of Carboxylic Acids and Its Derivatives
Organic Nitrogen Compounds
Biomolecules
Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Drug
- Food Additives
- Cleansing Agents
- Introduction to Polymers
Estimated time: 2 minutes
CBSE: Class 12
Key Points: Structure of the Carbonyl Group
- Carbon is sp² hybridised (trigonal planar, bond angle ≈ 120°).
- C = O bond consists of one σ bond and one π bond.
- Oxygen is more electronegative, so it pulls electron density towards itself →
C gets a partial positive charge (δ⁺) and O gets a partial negative charge (δ⁻). - This makes the carbonyl group polar.
- Hence, the carbon atom becomes electrophilic and is susceptible to nucleophilic attack.
