Topics
Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase(1935-1947)
- Role of M.N. Roy
- Role of Jawaharlal Nehru
- Role of Subhas Chandra Bose
- Congress Socialists
- Trade Union Activities
- Kisan Sabha Movement
- Growth of Communalism
- Provincial Autonomy under the 1935 Act
- The Congress Ministries
- Assessment of the Activities
- National Movements During the Second World War
- The August Offer of 1940
- Quit India Resolution
- Spread of the Movement
- Violent Public Reaction
- Important Storm Centres of the Movement
- Movement in Three Phases
- Causes of the Failure of the Movement
- Significance of the Movement
- Contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose along with the Objectives of the INA
- Significance of the INA Movement
- Transfer of Power (1945-1947)
- Reaction against the Cabinet Mission Plan
- Communal Riots in different parts of the Country
- Formation of the Interim Government
- Attlee's Declaration of 1947
- The Mountbatten Plan
- The Indian Independence Act, 1947
- Execution of the Mountbatten Plan
- Overview of Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase(1935-1947)
Indian History
World History
Establishment and Development of Indian Democracy (1947-1966)
- Post-Partition Issues between India and Pakistan
- Transfer of Assets
- River Water Dispute
- Kashmir Issue and Integration of Princely States
- The Foundation of Indian Democracy
- The Linguistic Reorganisation of States
- Overview of Establishment and Development of Indian Democracy (1947-1966)
Challenges to Indian Democracy (1964-1977)
- Period: (1964 to 1977)
- Naxal Movement
- Main Leaders of the Movement
- J P Movement (1974-75)
- Course of the Movement
- Emergency (1975–1976)
- Suspension of Democratic Organs
- Criticism of the Emergency Era May Be Grouped As
- Revocation of Emergency and Announcement of Elections (1977)
- Overview of Challenges to Indian Democracy (1964-1977)
Changing Face of the Indian Democracy (1977-1986)
- The Janata Government (1977–1979)
- Return of Congress to Power (1979–1986)
- Autonomy Demands and Centre’s Response in North-East India (1947–1985)
- Assam
- Nagaland's Demand for Autonomy
- Mizoram
- Overview of Changing Face of the Indian Democracy (1977-1986)
India's Foreign Policy
- Concept of Non-Alignment Movement
- Bandung Conference
- Belgrade Conference
- Cold War and NAM
- Review of Panchsheel
- Pakistan (1948–49, 1965, 1971)
- Sino-Indian War
- Overview of India's Foreign Policy
Movements for Women's Rights
- Women’s Status in India
- Anti-Dowry Movement and Struggle Against Domestic Violence
- Overview of Movements for Women's Rights
World War-II
- Factors Leading to the World War II
- Aggressive Policy of Germany
- Aggressive Policy of Italy
- Aggressive Policy of Japan
- Anglo-french Appeasement Policies
- War in Europe
- War in Africa
- Attack on Russia
- Fall of Italy
- Fall of Germany
- Fall of Japan
- American Entry and Contribution to the Victory
- Reasons for the Defeat of the Axis Powers
- Overview of World War-II
De-Colonisation in Asia (China) and Africa (Ghana and Kenya)
- Decolonisation in Asia (China)
- The Revolution of 1911
- Formation of the People’s Republic and Early Challenges
- Political Movements and Reforms under Mao Zedong
- Political Transition in Ghana (1957–1969)
- Kenya: Conflict and Independence
- Overview of De-Colonisation in Asia (China) and Africa (Ghana and Kenya)
Cold War 1945-1991 : Origin, Course, End and Impact
- Cold War (1945-1991)
- Truman Doctrine (1947)
- Marshall Aid (1947)
- The Communist Takeover of Czechoslovakia (1948)
- The Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)
- The First Phase of the Vietnam War (1946-54)
- The Second Phase of the Vietnam War (1954-75)
- The Berlin Wall (August 1961)
- Easing of Tension and Detente
- Disintegration of the USSR and Political Shifts in Eastern Europe
- Overview of Cold War 1945-1991 : Origin, Course, End and Impact
Protest Movements (Civil Rights Movement, Anti-Apartheid Movement and Feminist Movement)
- Civil Rights Movement and Racial Equality in the USA
- End of Apartheid and the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa
- Feminist Movement and Legal Reforms in the USA
- Role of National Organization for Women (NOW) and the Equal Rights Amendment Campaign
- Overview of Protest Movements (Civil Rights Movement, Anti-Apartheid Movement and Feminist Movement)
Middle East : Israeli-Palestine Conflict (1916-1993)
- Post-War Conflict in Palestine and the Formation of Israel
- World Zionist Movement
- Arab-Israeli Wars and the Camp David Accord (1948–1979)
- The Suez Issue (1956)
- Causes of the Arab-Israel War
- The Six Day War (1967)
- The Yom Kippur War (1973)
- Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli Peace (1978-79)
- Israel PLO OSLO Peace Accord (1993)
- Overview of Middle East : Israeli-Palestine Conflict (1916-1993)
CISCE: Class 12
Key Points: The Refugee Problem, The Transfer of Assets and The River Water Dispute > Heads of the Refugee Problem
- Partition in 1947 was done hastily, which led to severe communal violence and forced lakhs of people to leave their homes, creating the refugee problem.
- The partition of Punjab and Bengal caused the largest migration in world history, with people moving between India and Pakistan on a massive scale.
- Refugees mainly came from West Punjab, NWFP, Sind, and East Bengal, and the Government faced a huge challenge in settling them properly.
- In Punjab, rehabilitation was done faster by appointing a Director-General of Rehabilitation, distributing land, jobs and shelters, and developing towns like Faridabad, Nilokheri and Rajpura.
- The East Bengal refugees were the worst affected because migration continued for many years, creating heavy pressure on West Bengal’s economy, and many Hindus never returned despite agreements between India and Pakistan.
CISCE: Class 12
Key Points: The Refugee Problem, The Transfer of Assets and The River Water Dispute > Transfer of Assets
- Division of Financial Assets: At Partition, India had ₹4000 million cash; Pakistan claimed ₹1000 million—Arbitral Tribunal awarded ₹750 million.
- Debt and Payment Dispute: Pakistan refused to clear its share of pre-partition debt; India initially withheld ₹55 crores over Kashmir concerns.
- Final Asset Ratio: Assets were finally divided in a 4 : 1 ratio, with four parts to India and one part to Pakistan.
- Currency Arrangements: Pakistan temporarily used Indian currency stamped “Government of Pakistan” until it set up its own printing press.
- Abandoned Properties Issue: Massive refugee property losses led to prolonged negotiations; India passed the Displaced Persons Act (1954) for rehabilitation and asset settlement.
CISCE: Class 12
Key Points: The Refugee Problem, The Transfer of Assets and The River Water Dispute > River Water Dispute
- Water Sharing: The waters of the Indus river system were divided between India and Pakistan in an 80 : 20 ratio.
- Flow of Western Rivers: India agreed to allow the continuous flow of the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers to Pakistan.
- India’s Storage Rights: India was permitted to store 2.85 million acre-feet of water from the western rivers.
- Financial Assistance: Pakistan received financial aid from the World Bank and Western countries to build canals; India also made a fixed monetary contribution.
- Indus Commission: A Permanent Indus Commission was established to implement the treaty and resolve disputes through arbitration.
CISCE: Class 12
Key Points: Origin of Kashmir Problem- Role of Sardar Patel-Integration of Princely States, Junagarh and Hyderabad
- At the time of Independence, there were 565 princely states in India, and they had the option to join India, join Pakistan, or remain independent.
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the head of the States Department (5 July 1947) and played the main role in integrating princely states into India.
- By 15 August 1947, almost all princely states signed the Instrument of Accession, giving India control over Defence, Communication and External Affairs, except Kashmir, Junagarh and Hyderabad.
- Junagarh’s Nawab wanted to join Pakistan, but the Hindu majority opposed it. The Nawab fled to Pakistan, and India took control of Junagarh in 1948.
- Hyderabad’s Nizam wanted independence, so India used military action and merged Hyderabad in 1948. In Kashmir, Pakistan attacked in October 1947, so Maharaja Hari Singh joined India; India fought back and later took the issue to the UNO, but some part of Kashmir is still under Pakistan, creating a long-term dispute.
CISCE: Class 12
Key Points: Foundation of Indian Democracy
- After Independence, India began the constitution-making process, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was appointed Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
- After detailed discussions and many amendments, the Indian Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, and India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic (celebrated as Republic Day).
- The Constitution is the largest written constitution in the world and provides Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, a balance between federal and unitary system, and universal adult suffrage.
- On the basis of the Constitution, India’s first General Election was held in 1951–52, giving voting rights to all adults, showing strong faith in democracy.
- The election process was efficiently conducted by Sukumar Sen, the first Chief Election Commissioner, with millions of ballot boxes, polling booths and officials.
- The Congress Party won a clear majority at the Centre and in most states; the Communist Party of India emerged as the second largest party.
- Despite having majority power, democratic values were respected—the opposition, press, trade unions and political parties enjoyed freedom, and Jawaharlal Nehru played a key role in strengthening Indian democracy.
CISCE: Class 12
Key Points: The Linguistic Reorganisation of States
- Before Independence, Indian states were divided into different groups (A, B, C and D), which was a British legacy, along with many princely states.
- After Independence (1947–1950), most princely states were integrated into India and merged into provinces or formed new provinces like Rajputana, Madhya Bharat and Himachal Pradesh.
- The Constitution of 26 January 1950 declared India a Union of States and officially classified states into A, B, C and D categories.
- The demand for states on linguistic basis began even before Independence, and Orissa became the first linguistic state in 1936 due to efforts of Madhusudan Das.
- After Independence, the strongest linguistic movement was for a Telugu-speaking state, leading to the formation of Andhra in 1953, after Potti Sriramulu’s death during a hunger strike.
- To solve linguistic demands, Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the State Reorganisation Commission in 1953, headed by Fazl Ali, with members Hridayanath Kunzru and K.M. Panikkar.
- Based on its report, the State Reorganisation Act, 1956 abolished the A-B-C-D system and reorganised India into 14 states and 6 Union Territories, starting the redrawing of India’s map on linguistic identity.
