हिंदी
CISCEISC (Arts) Class 12
प्रश्न पत्र३७२
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तर१६६८१
महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न एवं उत्तर५९०६
अवधारणा स्पष्टीकरण और वीडियो९५४
समय सारणी१५
पाठ्यक्रम

Overview of De-Colonisation in Asia (China) and Africa (Ghana and Kenya)

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Topics

  • Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase(1935-1947)
    • Role of M.N. Roy
    • Role of Jawaharlal Nehru
    • Role of Subhas Chandra Bose
    • Congress Socialists
    • Trade Union Activities
    • Kisan Sabha Movement
    • Growth of Communalism
    • Provincial Autonomy under the 1935 Act
    • The Congress Ministries
    • Assessment of the Activities
    • National Movements During the Second World War
    • The August Offer of 1940
    • Quit India Resolution
    • Spread of the Movement
    • Violent Public Reaction
    • Important Storm Centres of the Movement
    • Movement in Three Phases
    • Causes of the Failure of the Movement
    • Significance of the Movement
    • Contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose along with the Objectives of the INA
    • Significance of the INA Movement
    • Transfer of Power (1945-1947)
    • Reaction against the Cabinet Mission Plan
    • Communal Riots in different parts of the Country
    • Formation of the Interim Government
    • Attlee's Declaration of 1947
    • The Mountbatten Plan
    • The Indian Independence Act, 1947
    • Execution of the Mountbatten Plan
    • Overview of Towards Independence and Partition: The Last Phase(1935-1947)
  • Indian History
  • World History
  • Establishment and Development of Indian Democracy (1947-1966)
  • Challenges to Indian Democracy (1964-1977)
    • Period: (1964 to 1977)
    • Naxal Movement
    • Main Leaders of the Movement
    • J P Movement (1974-75)
    • Course of the Movement
    • Emergency (1975–1976)
    • Suspension of Democratic Organs
    • Criticism of the Emergency Era May Be Grouped As
    • Revocation of Emergency and Announcement of Elections (1977)
    • Overview of Challenges to Indian Democracy (1964-1977)
  • Changing Face of the Indian Democracy (1977-1986)
  • India's Foreign Policy
  • Movements for Women's Rights
  • World War-II
    • Factors Leading to the World War II
    • Aggressive Policy of Germany
    • Aggressive Policy of Italy
    • Aggressive Policy of Japan
    • Anglo-french Appeasement Policies
    • War in Europe
    • War in Africa
    • Attack on Russia
    • Fall of Italy
    • Fall of Germany
    • Fall of Japan
    • American Entry and Contribution to the Victory
    • Reasons for the Defeat of the Axis Powers
    • Overview of World War-II
  • De-Colonisation in Asia (China) and Africa (Ghana and Kenya)
  • Cold War 1945-1991 : Origin, Course, End and Impact
  • Protest Movements (Civil Rights Movement, Anti-Apartheid Movement and Feminist Movement)
  • Middle East : Israeli-Palestine Conflict (1916-1993)
    • Post-War Conflict in Palestine and the Formation of Israel
    • World Zionist Movement
    • Arab-Israeli Wars and the Camp David Accord (1948–1979)
    • The Suez Issue (1956)
    • Causes of the Arab-Israel War
    • The Six Day War (1967)
    • The Yom Kippur War (1973)
    • Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli Peace (1978-79)
    • Israel PLO OSLO Peace Accord (1993)
    • Overview of Middle East : Israeli-Palestine Conflict (1916-1993)
Estimated time: 155 minutes
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Entry of the Western Powers (China)

  • China followed a policy of isolation in the early 19th century.
  • Europeans entered China for commercial privileges in the mid-19th century.
  • Portuguese settled in Macao, followed by the Dutch and the British.
  • After the Opium Wars, China was forced to give Hong Kong to Britain.
  • Treaty ports were opened and China was gradually divided into spheres of influence. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Taiping and Boxer Rebellion and Aftermath

  • Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) was a religious and political reform movement in South China.
  • The Taiping movement was suppressed by regional armies, weakening central authority.
  • China was defeated by Japan in 1894–95 and lost large territories.
  • Boxer Rebellion (1898–1900) was a violent anti-foreign movement against exploitation.
  • The Boxers were defeated by an international army and China had to accept foreign terms. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > The Revolution of 1911

  • In 1911, the supporters of Sun Yat-Sen revolted against the Manchu rule.
  • The revolutionaries captured Nanking and made it the capital of the provisional Republic.
  • Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first President of the Chinese Republic.
  • The Manchu Emperor abdicated the throne in February 1912.
  • The Republic was proclaimed over the whole of China.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Rule of Yuan-Shi-Kai

  • Sun Yat-Sen resigned in favour of Yuan-Shi-Kai.
  • Yuan-Shi-Kai ruled China with the support of the army.
  • He governed as a military dictator, disappointing republican expectations.
  • Yuan tried to restore monarchy and establish a new dynasty.
  • His sudden death in 1916 ended the political crisis. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Role of Japan

  • China did not directly participate in the First World War.
  • Japan issued the Twenty-One Demands to make China a Japanese protectorate.
  • Britain, France and Russia signed secret agreements supporting Japan.
  • Under the Treaty of Versailles, Shantung province was given to Japan.
  • This led to strong anti-Japanese agitation and popular unrest in China. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > The Kuomintang Party and the Communists

  • The Kuomintang (National People’s Party) was founded by Sun Yat-Sen.
  • Sun Yat-Sen had limited power outside the Canton region.
  • He reorganised the KMT with Russian help.
  • Michael Borodin helped transform KMT into a disciplined mass party.
  • Party membership was opened to Communists who accepted KMT principles. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Chiang-Kai-Shek Era

  • After Sun Yat-Sen’s death in 1925, Chiang-Kai-Shek became leader of the KMT.
  • He received military training in Japan and Russia.
  • Though supported by Soviet Russia, Chiang was not a Communist.
  • In 1927, he purged Communists and Radicals from the KMT.
  • He ended ties with Russian Communists and set up a Nationalist government at Nanking. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Long March of the Communists

  • Chiang launched five military campaigns against the Communists (1930–34).
  • Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the Communists.
  • The Communists retreated to mountainous regions to build the Red Army.
  • In 1934, Mao led the Long March of over 6,000 miles to escape KMT forces.
  • About 20,000 survivors reached Yenan, where a new Communist base was formed. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Retreat of Chiang Kai-Shek

  • In 1937, Japan’s attack temporarily united the Communists and the KMT.
  • Both parties jointly resisted Japanese aggression during the war.
  • After Japan’s defeat in the Second World War, the civil war resumed.
  • The Communists defeated the KMT and forced Chiang Kai-Shek to leave mainland China.
  • Chiang and his supporters took refuge in Formosa (Taiwan) under US protection. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Causes of the Communist Victory

  • The KMT and Nationalist army were weakened due to prolonged resistance against Japan.
  • Chiang Kai-Shek and the KMT lost public support because of corruption and inefficiency.
  • The KMT depended mainly on landlords and the wealthy classes, ignoring the masses.
  • The Communists gained popular support by promising clean and efficient government.
  • Communist troops were disciplined and people-friendly, increasing their popularity. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Establishment of the People’s Republic of China and Its Initial Problems

  • After the Communist victory in 1949, Mao Zedong began rebuilding China.
  • China was devastated by long civil war and the war with Japan.
  • Roads, railways and canals were destroyed, causing food shortages.
  • Industry was backward and agriculture was inefficient.
  • Inflation was high and managing such a vast country was difficult. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Agrarian Policy

  • Land was taken from big landlords and redistributed among peasants.
  • Land reforms aimed to end landlord exploitation.
  • Peasants were encouraged to form cooperative farms.
  • Farming was done with joint ownership of land and equipment.
  • By 1956, about 95% peasants were organised into cooperatives. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Industrial Policy

  • The Communist government nationalised most industries.
  • Five Year Plans were introduced from 1953.
  • Emphasis was laid on heavy industries like iron, steel and chemicals.
  • Soviet Russia provided financial and technical assistance.
  • Small industries were set up in rural areas to support agriculture. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957)

  • Industrialisation created a new class of intellectuals and experts.
  • Mao invited open criticism to improve government functioning.
  • The slogan was “Let a hundred flowers bloom.”
  • Critics questioned party control and lack of democracy.
  • Mao withdrew the campaign and suppressed opposition. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Political Development

  • After the defeat of the KMT, China became the People’s Republic in 1949.
  • The Constitution was adopted in 1954.
  • The National People’s Congress became the highest legislative authority.
  • The State Council and Chairman were elected by the Congress.
  • The Communist Party dominated the political system. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Economic Development

  • Mao Zedong began rebuilding China after the Communist victory.
  • In the late 1950s, relations with Soviet Russia weakened.
  • Chinese economic aid from Russia was gradually reduced.
  • Mao introduced policies suited to Chinese conditions.
  • The Great Leap Forward aimed at decentralisation of economic power. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > The Great Leap Forward

  • Communes were introduced with collective farming and local self-governance.
  • Families received a share of profits from commune production.
  • Emphasis shifted from heavy industries to small rural industries.
  • Public works like roads, dams and reservoirs were undertaken.
  • In the long run, agricultural and industrial production increased. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > The Cultural Revolution (1966–69)

  • Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution to preserve pure Marxist–Leninist ideals.
  • He opposed the Russian model of industrialisation and expert domination.
  • Mao appealed directly to the masses, especially students and youth.
  • Red Guards attacked intellectuals, officials and institutions.
  • The movement caused chaos and was officially ended in 1969. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Asia (China) > Contribution of Mao Zedong

  • Mao unified China after long periods of division and instability.
  • He created the Red Army of China.
  • His Five Year Plans and Great Leap Forward stabilised the economy.
  • Mao adapted Communism to suit Chinese conditions.
  • Under his leadership, China emerged as a powerful nation. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Africa (Ghana) > Background

  • European powers colonised African countries mainly for commercial interests.
  • During the Scramble for Africa, Britain and France acquired the largest territories.
  • British control in the Gold Coast was established through trade, treaties and wars.
  • After the Second World War, the Atlantic Charter encouraged demands for autonomy.
  • Educated Africans opposed colonial rule, leading to the growth of African nationalism. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Africa (Ghana) > Beginning of Nationalist Movement

  • Nationalist opposition began in the 1920s after the introduction of indirect rule by Britain.
  • The movement gained momentum in the 1940s after police firing on ex-servicemen in Accra.
  • The United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) was formed in 1947 by Joseph Danquah and others.
  • Kwame Nkrumah led mass movements through the Convention People’s Party (CPP).
  • Ghana became independent on 6 March 1957 as a member of the Commonwealth. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Africa (Ghana) > Rule of Nkrumah (1957–1966)

  • Kwame Nkrumah was the first Prime Minister and later President of Ghana.
  • He followed socialist policies and aimed at rapid industrialisation.
  • Ghana became fully independent and a Commonwealth republic in 1960.
  • Welfare measures like free education, health care and development projects were introduced.
  • Nkrumah supported Pan-Africanism and the Organization of African Unity. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Africa (Ghana) > Overthrow of Kwame Nkrumah

  • Rapid industrialisation and heavy foreign borrowing caused economic problems.
  • Fall in cocoa prices led to a serious balance of payments crisis.
  • Nkrumah introduced one-party rule and established an authoritarian government. 
  • Laws like the Preventive Detention Act suppressed opposition and civil liberties.
  • Growing unpopularity, corruption charges and military discontent led to his overthrow. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: De-Colonisation in Africa (Ghana) > Fall of Nkrumah (1966)

  • Nkrumah’s corruption and authoritarian rule created widespread dissatisfaction.
  • The army turned against him due to growing unpopularity.
  • On 24 February 1966, a military coup overthrew his government.
  • The coup was led by Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka and the National Liberation Council.
  • Nkrumah lived in exile and died in 1972 in Bucharest. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Kenya: Conflict and Independence > Background – Conflict over Independence and Role of Kenyatta

  • After the Second World War, African nationalism spread rapidly in Kenya.
  • African soldiers experienced racial inequality during war service.
  • Educated Africans opposed colonial exploitation and discrimination.
  • International pressure forced Britain to consider granting independence.
  • Britain aimed to retain influence through the Commonwealth (Neo-colonialism).
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Kenya: Conflict and Independence > Role of Kenyatta

  • Jomo Kenyatta emerged as the main leader of the nationalist movement in Kenya.
  • He united Africans against British colonial rule.
  • Kenyatta highlighted land issues and racial injustice.
  • He was imprisoned by the British but gained popular support.
  • Under his leadership, Kenya moved towards independence. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Kenya: Conflict and Independence > Problems in Kenya

  • In 1962, a coalition government was formed with KANU and KADU.
  • Elections were held in May 1963.
  • KANU secured a majority in the Senate and House of Representatives.
  • Kenya obtained internal self-government after the elections.
  • Jomo Kenyatta became the President of Kenya.
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Kenya: Conflict and Independence > Kenyatta’s Rise to Power

  • Nationalist Leadership: Jomo Kenyatta emerged as a leading nationalist and became President of the Kenya African Union in 1947.
  • Demand for Independence: He demanded freedom from British rule and the return of African land taken by white settlers.
  • Mau Mau Period: During the Mau Mau Rebellion, a state of emergency was declared in 1952.
  • Imprisonment and Release: Kenyatta was imprisoned for six years and released in 1961 due to public pressure.
  • Attainment of Power: Kenya became independent in 1963 and Kenyatta became Prime Minister and later President. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Kenya: Conflict and Independence > Kenyatta Tenure (1963–1978)

  • Kenyatta allowed whites to stay in Kenya if they accepted Kenyan citizenship.
  • Many whites who did not accept citizenship left Kenya.
  • Indians dominated trade but were mistrusted by Africans.
  • Kenyatta followed a moderate and conciliatory domestic policy.
  • He remained in power until his death in 1978. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Kenya: Conflict and Independence > Foreign Policy

  • Kenya officially followed a policy of non-alignment.
  • In practice, Kenya adopted a pro-Western foreign policy.
  • Kenya proposed an East African Union with Tanzania and Uganda.
  • A loose East African Community was formed in 1967.
  • The East African Community later collapsed and was dissolved. 
CISCE: Class 12

Key Points: Kenya: Conflict and Independence > Later Changes

  • Kenyatta gradually shifted from radical nationalism to conservative politics.
  • In 1969, all opposition parties were banned.
  • Kenya effectively became a one-party state.
  • Social tensions increased due to land issues and unemployment.
  • Kenyatta died in 1978 and Daniel Moi became President. 
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