हिंदी
CBSEScience (English Medium) Class 12
प्रश्न पत्र२६३९
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तर२५९९७
MCQ ऑनलाइन अभ्यास परीक्षा४३
महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न एवं उत्तर२६०६३
अवधारणा स्पष्टीकरण और वीडियो६२९
समय सारणी२४
पाठ्यक्रम

Overview of Environment and Natural Resources

Advertisements

Topics

Estimated time: 32 minutes
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Environmental Concerns in Global Politics

  • Environmental issues like poverty, epidemics, and climate change are now part of global politics.
  • Agricultural land is shrinking and soil fertility is declining worldwide.
  • Water scarcity and lack of sanitation affect millions
  • Deforestation is causing biodiversity loss and displacement of people.
  • Ozone layer depletion threatens human health and ecosystems.
  • Coastal pollution and overuse are damaging marine environments.
  • Environmental problems are global and cannot be solved by one country alone.
  • International cooperation and sustainable development are essential to address these issues. 
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: The Protection of Global Commons

  • Global commons are resources not owned by any one country but shared by all.
  • Includes the atmosphere, oceans, Antarctica, ocean floor and outer space.
  • These areas lie outside national jurisdiction and need international governance.
  • Cooperation is difficult because countries have different interests and capacities.
  • Treaties like the Antarctic Treaty and Montreal Protocol protect global commons.
  • Scientific uncertainty and long time frames
  • North–South inequality affects how benefits and responsibilities are shared.
  • Technology and industrial development often exploit global commons unevenly.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Antarctica

  • Antarctica covers about 14 million sq km and holds 70% of Earth’s fresh water.
  • No permanent human population and very limited land life.
  • Antarctica is a global common, not owned by any single country.
  • The Antarctic Treaty (1959) allows only peaceful use and scientific research.
  • It plays a key role in climate regulation and environmental research.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)

  • Developed countries caused most environmental damage.
  • All countries share responsibility, but not equally.
  • Developing countries need flexibility to grow and reduce poverty.
  • Principle accepted at Rio Earth Summit, 1992.
  • Reflected in UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, with higher duties on developed nations.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Common Property Resources

  • Shared resources owned and used by a community.
  • Community members have both rights and responsibilities.
  • Factors like privatisation, population growth, and agriculture.
  • In India, village communities traditionally manage common property like sacred groves.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: India’s Stand on Environmental Issues

  • India supports climate action but stresses historical responsibility of developed countries.
  • Follows the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) under UNFCCC.
  • India was exempt from Kyoto Protocol targets due to low per capita emissions.
  • It opposes binding emission cuts on developing countries that may hurt growth.
  • India promotes clean energy and has ratified the Paris Climate Agreement (2016). 
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Sacred Groves in India

  • Sacred groves are patches of forest protected for religious and cultural reasons.
  • They help conserve biodiversity and ecological balance in a natural way.
  • Local communities manage them using traditional beliefs and customs.
  • Many temples and village traditions are linked to sacred groves.
  • Sacred groves face threats from urbanisation and weakening community control. 
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Environmental Movements: One or Many?

  • Environmental movements often arise from people and groups, not governments.
  • Operate at local, national, and international levels.
  • Movements promote new ideas about sustainable living.
  • They are diverse in goals, methods, and regions, not a single movement.
  • Forest movements oppose deforestation and displacement of communities.
  • Mining and mega-dam projects face resistance.
  • Many movements in the Global South challenge MNC-led development models.
  • Non-violence is a common and important principle. 
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Resource Geopolitics

  • Resource geopolitics is about who controls and accesses key resources like oil and water.
  • Control over resources has been a major source of power, rivalry, and conflict.
  • During the Cold War, countries used military presence and alliances to secure resource supplies.
  • Oil is the most important strategic resource.
  • Water scarcity is emerging as a major cause of future conflicts.
  • Resource conflicts show that economic needs strongly influence global politics and security.
CBSE: Class 12

Key Points: Indigenous Peoples and Their Rights

  • Indigenous peoples are the original inhabitants of a region with distinct cultures and traditions.
  • They live closely connected to land, nature, and traditional livelihoods.
  • Loss of land is the biggest threat to their survival and identity.
  • Indigenous groups demand recognition as equal communities, not minorities.
  • They seek rights over land, resources, and self-governance.
  • International attention to indigenous rights grew strongly after the 1970s.
  • The UN and global movements support protection of indigenous cultures and rights.
Advertisements
Share
Notifications

Englishहिंदीमराठी
Login
Create free account


      Forgot password?
Course
Use app×