Topics
Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science
European Colonialism
India and European Colonialism
Colonialism and the Marathas
India: Social and Religious Reforms
Indian Struggle Against Colonialism
- Struggle before 1857
- Early Resistance to British Rule in India
- Background of Founding the Indian National Congress
- Foundation of the Indian National Congress
- 'Moderates' and 'Extremists'
- Armed Revolutionaries in India
- Mahatma Gandhi: Non-violent Resistance Movement
- Indian National Army (INA)
- 'Quit India' Movement of 1942
- Overview of Indian Struggle Against Colonialism
Decolonisation to Political Integration of India
World Wars and India
World : Decolonisation
Cold War
India Transformed - Part 1
India Transformed - Part 2
Key Points: Decolonisation to Political Integration of India
|
Princely State/Issue |
Ruler/Leader |
Problem |
Action Taken |
Result |
|
Political Integration |
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel |
600+ princely states after independence |
Conciliatory policy; firm action where needed |
Majority states merged with India |
|
Junagadh |
Nawab of Junagadh |
Wanted to join Pakistan |
People opposed; Nawab fled |
Merged with India (Feb 1948) |
|
Hyderabad |
Nizam |
Refused to join India; Razakar movement |
‘Operation Polo’ (Police action) |
Hyderabad merged (17 Sept 1948) |
|
Kashmir |
Hari Singh |
Delay in accession; Pakistani invasion |
Signed Instrument of Accession; Indian Army sent |
Became part of India; issue at UN |
|
Special Provision |
Jammu and Kashmir |
Sensitive political issue |
Special constitutional status |
Article 370 granted |
Key Points: Dadra
|
Aspect |
Details |
Organisation/Leaders |
Action |
Result |
|
Portuguese Rule |
Under Portuguese control after 1947 |
Portuguese Governor |
Continued administration |
Public dissatisfaction |
|
Revolt (1954) |
Local uprising against Portuguese |
United Front of Goans |
Protest movement |
Portuguese authority weakened |
|
Armed Action |
Organised campaign |
Azad Gomantak Dal |
Attacked police stations |
Portuguese forces retreated |
|
Surrender |
Portuguese Captain surrendered |
Local revolutionaries |
Capture of Dadra |
Control transferred |
|
Integration |
Agreement with Indian Govt |
Govt. of India |
Administrative arrangement |
Merged with India |
Key Points: Nagar-Haveli
|
Aspect |
Details |
Organisation/Leaders |
Action |
Result |
|
Portuguese Control |
Part of Portuguese dominion |
Portuguese administration |
Continued rule |
Public unrest |
|
Liberation (1954) |
Freedom struggle intensified |
Francis Mascarenhas, Vimal Sardesai |
Capture of Silvasa and nearby areas |
Portuguese retreated |
|
Administration |
Temporary governance formed |
K.G. Badlani |
Appointed Administrator |
Order restored |
|
Public Participation |
Strong local support |
Rashtriya Mukti Sena |
Protests and armed resistance |
Region freed |
|
Final Status (1961) |
Political integration |
Government of India |
Formal merger process |
Declared Union Territory |
Key Points: Goa Liberation Movement
|
Year/Period |
Event |
Leaders/Organisations |
Action Taken |
Result |
|
1928–1929 |
Formation of Goa Congress Committee |
Dr. T.B. Kunha |
Organised political movement |
Goa issue raised nationally |
|
1946 |
Civil Disobedience Movement |
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia |
Satyagraha in Goa |
Leaders arrested |
|
1954 |
Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti formed |
N.G. Gore, Senapati Bapat |
Volunteers marched to Goa |
National flag hoisted in Panaji |
|
Armed Struggle |
Anti-Portuguese action |
Mohan Ranade, Azad Gomantak Dal |
Attacks on Portuguese authority |
Ranade imprisoned |
|
1961 |
Operation Vijay |
Indian Government |
Indian Army action |
Goa liberated (19 Dec 1961) |
Key Points: Puducherry Integration with India
|
Year/Period |
Event |
Leaders/Authorities |
Action Taken |
Result |
|
Post-1947 |
French rule continued in Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam |
French Government |
Refused to surrender territories |
Public dissatisfaction |
|
1948 |
Bilateral agreement |
Government of India and France |
Negotiations started |
Peaceful resolution process |
|
1949–1950 |
Public movement and poll |
V. Subbaya and local people |
Public opinion in favour of merger |
Chandernagore merged (1949-50) |
|
1954 |
Agreement signed (13 Oct 1954) |
Indian and French Governments |
Legislative approval for merger |
French colonies merged (1 Nov 1954) |
|
1963 |
Final political status |
French Parliament and Govt. of India |
Approval of agreement |
Puducherry declared Union Territory |
