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CISCE(English Medium) ICSE Class 10
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पाठ्यक्रम

Overview of Agriculture in India Part III - Cash Crops

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CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Cash Crops

  • Food crops are grown for basic survival, while cash crops are grown mainly for sale in the market to earn money.
  • Cash crops are also called commercial crops and are not meant only for the farmer’s personal use.
  • Cash crops provide raw materials to agro-based industries and support industrial development.
  • They increase farmers’ income, helping them improve their living standards and farming methods.
  • Major cash crops include sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee, cotton, jute, tobacco and rubber.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Sugarcane

  • Sugarcane is a tall tropical cash crop belonging to the grass family; India has the largest area under sugarcane and is the second largest producer after Brazil.
  • Sugarcane grows best at 20°C–26°C, needs 100–150 cm well-distributed rainfall, frost-free climate and slightly dry sunny weather during ripening.
  • It grows well in fertile, well-drained soils like alluvial, loamy and black soils, but it exhausts soil fertility, requiring manures and fertilisers.
  • Major sugarcane regions are the Sutlej–Ganga plain, black soil belt of Peninsular India and coastal Andhra Pradesh–Krishna valley; North India has larger area, while South India has higher yield.
  • Problems faced by farmers include high cost of fertilisers, transport delay reducing sugar content, high irrigation needs and low government-fixed prices, which are partly solved through cooperatives, rural credit and improved irrigation.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Oilseeds

  • Oilseeds are seeds from which oil is extracted; India’s tropical climate is suitable for growing many oilseeds.
  • Major oilseeds grown in India include groundnut, mustard, rapeseed, soyabean, sunflower, sesamum, linseed and castor.
  • Groundnut is the leading oilseed, followed by rapeseed and mustard; groundnut, mustard and soyabean are the main edible oilseeds.
  • Oils from oilseeds are used as edible cooking oils and also as industrial raw materials for soaps, paints, varnishes and lubricants.
  • The residue after oil extraction, called oilcake, is used as cattle fodder and organic manure, providing economic benefits.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Groundnut

  • Groundnut (peanut) is the most important edible oilseed in India; it was introduced from Brazil and contains about 42–45% oil.
  • It is grown as a kharif crop in most of India and as a rabi/summer crop in southern states; it requires 20°C–25°C temperature, 50–100 cm rainfall and dry weather during ripening.
  • Groundnut grows best in light, well-drained soils like sandy loams, red soil and black soil, as the pods ripen underground.
  • It is sown in June–July and harvested in November–December; the entire plant is uprooted, dried and the pods are separated.
  • Gujarat is the leading producer, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka; oil is used for cooking, soap and cosmetics, and oilcake is used as cattle fodder.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Mustard

  • Mustard is an important rabi oilseed crop with 25–43% oil content; its oil is widely used for cooking in North India, and its oilcake is used as cattle feed.
  • It grows best in a cool climate with 10°C–20°C temperature and 25–40 cm rainfall.
  • Mustard grows well in loamy and slightly heavier alluvial soils, especially in the Sutlej–Ganga plains.
  • It is sown in October–November and harvested by February–March; it is often grown as a mixed or rotation crop with wheat, barley and gram.
  • Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer, followed by Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh, which together account for most of the production.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Soyabean

  • Soyabean is a highly nutritious oilseed rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals and is used as a substitute for animal protein.
  • It is mainly grown as a kharif crop, sown in June and harvested by October; it matures in 3–5 months.
  • Soyabean requires 20°C–24°C temperature, 40–60 cm well-distributed rainfall and friable, moisture-retentive loamy soils.
  • It is largely a rainfed crop; seeds are treated with jaggery and rhizobium, and the crop needs 3–4 irrigations.
  • Madhya Pradesh is the leading producer, followed by Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh; soyabean is used to make soy milk, tofu, oil, sauce and other products.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Cotton

  • Cotton is the most important fibre cash crop of India and supplies raw material to the textile industry; India ranks fourth in world cotton production.
  • Cotton is a kharif crop requiring 21°C–30°C temperature, 200 frost-free days, 50–75 cm moderate rainfall and dry sunny weather during ripening.
  • It grows best in black volcanic (regur) soil, but is also grown in alluvial and clayey loam soils; cotton exhausts soil fertility, so fertilisers are required.
  • Cotton is sown before the monsoon and harvested from October in 3–4 pickings; after harvest it is ginned, spun into yarn and seeds are used for oil and cattle feed.
  • Major cotton-growing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, which together produce most of India’s cotton.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Jute

  • Jute is an important fibre cash crop known as the ‘golden fibre’; India is the largest producer of jute in the world, and it is obtained from the inner bark of white jute and tossa jute plants.
  • Jute requires a hot and humid climate with 24°C–35°C temperature, more than 150 cm rainfall and high humidity, and grows best on new alluvial and loamy soils.
  • White jute is grown mainly in lowlands and covers about 75% of the jute area, while tossa jute is grown on uplands and is used mainly for sacks and packing materials.
  • Jute is sown from February to June and harvested in July–September; after harvesting, the stems are retted in water to separate the fibre.
  • West Bengal is the leading producer, followed by Assam, Bihar, Odisha and Tripura; jute is used to make sacks, ropes, carpets, bags and decorative items.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Tea

  • Tea is an important beverage crop of India; commercial cultivation began in the 19th century, and India is the second largest producer, consumer and exporter of tea in the world.
  • Tea requires a hot, humid climate with 24°C–30°C temperature, high humidity, dew and fog, and at least 150 cm of well-distributed rainfall.
  • It grows best on well-drained, deep loamy soils rich in iron and humus and is grown on hill slopes to avoid waterlogging.
  • Tea plants are raised by the seed method or the clonal planting method, the latter giving better quality and higher yield.
  • Tea is a labour-intensive crop; bushes are regularly pruned, and plucking of two leaves and a bud is done 16–20 times a year, mainly by women.
  • Major tea-growing regions are Assam, Darjeeling and Duars (West Bengal), Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu) and Kerala.
  • Tea processing includes withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, grading and packing; CTC machines are commonly used today.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Types of Tea

  • There are four types of tea—Black, Green, Oolong and Brick tea, classified on the basis of degree of fermentation.
  • Black tea is fully fermented and processed by withering, rolling, fermentation, drying and blending; it is the most commonly consumed tea in India.
  • Green tea is non-fermented, dried in ovens after steaming, has high tannin content, and is usually taken without milk or sugar.
  • Oolong tea is partially fermented and greenish-brown in colour, while brick tea is made from inferior leaves and tea dust compressed into blocks.
  • Major tea-producing regions are Assam (Brahmaputra and Surma valleys), West Bengal (Darjeeling and Duars) and the Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu, with smaller production in Kerala and other states.
CISCE: Class 10

Key Points: Coffee

  • Coffee was introduced in India by Baba Budan in the 17th century and is mainly grown on hill slopes of South India; India is an important coffee-producing country.
  • The three main varieties of coffee grown in India are Arabica (best quality), Robusta (hardy and high yielding) and Liberica (inferior quality).
  • Coffee requires a warm climate (15°C–28°C), 150–200 cm well-distributed rainfall, a dry period during ripening, and well-drained loamy soil rich in humus.
  • Coffee is grown under shade trees, propagated from seeds or cuttings, and harvesting is done by hand-picking ripe berries; processing is done by wet or dry parchment methods.
  • Karnataka is the largest producer, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu; coffee is also grown in non-traditional areas like Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and the North-Eastern states.
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