NCERT solutions for सोशल सायन्स अंडरस्टॅंडिंग इकॉनॉमिक्स डेवलपमेंट [इंग्रजी] इयत्ता १० chapter 1 - Development [Latest edition]

Let us try to imagine what development or progress is likely to mean to different persons listed in the table. What are their aspirations? You will find that some columns are partially filled. Try to complete the table. You can also add any other category of persons.

Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?

1. Because people are different.
2. Because life situations of persons are different.

Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.

1. People have different developmental goals.
2. People have conflicting developmental goals.

Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.

Explain some of the important ideas of the Income and other goals in your own words.

Look at the picture. What should be the developmental goals for such an area?

Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow:

1. Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
2. What should be the developmental goal for this country?

What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?

If even the idea of what constitutes development can be varied and conflicting, then certainly there can be differences about ways of developing. If you know of any such controversy, try to find out arguments advanced by different people. You may do so by talking to different persons or you may find it from newspapers and television.

Based on data given in Table, calculate the average income for both the countries.

Comparison of Two Countries

Will you be equally happy to live in both these countries? Are both equally developed?

Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.

Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.

Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?

Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.

Find out the per capita income level of about 10-15 low-income countries as per the World Development Reports.

Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed country.

Look at the data in tables. Is Haryana ahead of Kerala in literacy rate etc., as it is in terms of per capita income?

Per Capita Income of Selected States

Some comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.

Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?

In a study, it was found that in Tamil Nadu, 90 per cent of the people living in rural areas used a ration shop, whereas in West Bengal only 35 per cent of rural people did so. Where would people did better off and why?

Study the table carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For this, you may need to make calculations based on the table.

Educational Achievement of Rural Population of Uttar Pradesh

1. The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is ______ for rural males and ______ for rural females. However, it is not just that these many adults could not attend school but that there are ______ who are currently not in school.
2. It is clear from the table that ______% of rural girls and ______% of rural boys are not attending school. Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group 10- 14 is as high as ______% for rural females and ______% for rural males.
3. This high level of illiteracy among ______ age group, even after more than 75 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also we are nowhere near realisation of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.

1. Why groundwater is overused?
2. Can there be development without overuse?

Look at the following data for crude oil.

Crude Oil Reserves

The table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil (column 1). More important, it also tells us for how many years the stock of crude oil will last if people continue to extract it at the present rate. The reserves would last only 50 years more. This is for the world as a whole. However, different countries face different situations. Countries like India depend on importing oil from abroad because they do not have enough stocks of their own. If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for everyone. There are countries like USA which have low reserves and hence want to secure oil through military or economic power.

The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of development.

1. Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
2. India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the country looking at the above situation?

Development of a country can generally be determined by ______.

Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?

Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?

What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.

List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

For each of the items given in the table, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI < 18.5 kg/m² ) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2019-21. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

1. Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh
2. Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished, even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Invite three different speakers to talk to you about the development of your region. Ask them all the questions that come to your mind. Discuss these ideas in groups. Each group should prepare a wall chart, giving reasons about ideas that you agree or do not agree with.