Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Botany Syllabus - Free PDF Download
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Syllabus 2025-26 Class 11: The Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Botany Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Tamil Nadu Board, Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Botany Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Botany Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.
Academic year:
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Botany Revised Syllabus
Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education Class 11 Botany Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme
| # | Unit/Topic | Weightage |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Living World | |
| 2 | Plant Kingdom | |
| 3 | Vegetative Morphology | |
| 4 | Reproductive Morphology | |
| 5 | Taxonomy and Systematic Botany | |
| 6 | Cell: the Unit of Life | |
| 7 | Cell Cycle | |
| 8 | Biomolecules | |
| 9 | Tissue and Tissue System | |
| 10 | Secondary Growth | |
| 11 | Transport in Plants | |
| 12 | Mineral Nutrition | |
| 13 | Photosynthesis | |
| 14 | Respiration | |
| 15 | Plant Growth and Development | |
| Total | - |
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Syllabus
1 Living World
2 Plant Kingdom
- Classification of Plants
- Classification of Kingdom Plantae
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Alternation of Generation
- Haplontic Life Cycle
- Diplontic Life Cycle
- Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
- Life Cycle Patterns in Plants
- Algae
- Bryophytes
- Amphibians of Plant Kingdom
- General characteristic features
- Economic importance
- Pteridophytes
- Seedless Vascular Cryptogams
- General characteristic features of Pteridophytes
- Economic Importance
- Types of Stele
- Phanerogams > Division I-Gymnosperms
- Phanerogams > Division II- Angiosperms
- Angiosperms
- Activity
- Classification of Angiosperms
3 Vegetative Morphology
- Habit
- Herbs
- Shrubs
- Climbers (Vine)
- Trees
- Plant Habitat
- Terrestrial
- Aquatic
- Life Span
- Annuals
- Biennials
- Perennials
- Root System
- Root system
- Characteristic of the root system
- Type of Root:
1) Primary root
2) Secondary root - Regions of root
1) Meristematic Zone
2) Zone of Elongation
3) Zone of Maturation - Types of the root system
1) Tap root system
2) Fibrous root system
3) Adventitious root system - Functions of root
1) Primary function
2) Secondary function - Modifications of root
- Shoot System
- The steam
- Characteristic features of the stem
- Functions of the stem
(i) Primary functions
(ii) Secondary functions - Buds
- Types of Stem - Excurrent, Decurrent, Caudex, and Culm
- Modification of Stem
1) Aerial modification of stem
2) Subaerial stem modifications
3) Underground stem modifications
4) Stem Branching
- The Leaf
- The Leaf
- Characteristics of leaf
- Functions of the leaf -
1) Primary functions
2) Secondary functions - Parts of the leaf -
1) Leaf base (hypopodium)
2) Petiole (stipe or mesopodium)
3) Lamina (Leaf blade) - Venation -
1) Reticulate venation
2) Parallel venation - Phyllotaxy -
1) Alternate Phyllotaxy
2) Opposite Phyllotaxy
3) Ternate phyllotaxy
4) Whorled (verticillate) type of phyllotaxy - Leaf mosaic
- Types of Leaves -
1) Simple leaf
2) Compound leaf - Pinnately and palmately compound leaf - Modifications of Leaves
1) Leaf tendrils
2) Leaf hooks
3) Leaf Spines and Prickles
4) Storage Leaves
5) Phyllode
6) Pitcher
7) Bladder
8) Floral leaves - Leaf duration - Caducuous (Fagacious), Deciduous, Evergreen and Marcescent
4 Reproductive Morphology
- The Inflorescence
- Inflorescence
- Types of Inflorescence
1) Based On Position - Terminal, Auxillary, and Cauliflorous
2) Based on branching pattern and other characters -Indeterminate (Racemose), Determinate (Cymose), Mixed inflorescence and Special inflorescence - Racemose Inflorescence
1) Main axis elongated - Simple raceme, Spike, Spikelet, Catkin, Spadix and Pancile
2) Main axis shortened - Corymb, Umbel
3) Main axis flattened - Head, - Cymose inflorescence -
1) Simple cyme (solitary)
2) Monochasial Cyme (uniparous) - Helicoid and Scorpioid
3) Simple dichasium (Biparous)
4) Compound dichasium:
5) Polychasial Cyme (multiparous) - Mixed Inflorescence
1) Thyrsus
2) Verticillaster - Special Inflorescence
1) Cyathium
2) Hypanthodium
3) Coenanthium
- Flower - a Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
- Accessory Organs
- Accessory organs
- Arrangement of whorls
- Calyx
- Corolla
- Perianth
- Aestivation
- Accessory Organs
- Androecium
- Fusion of stamens
- Arrangement of stamens relate to length of stamens
- Anther types
- Anther attachment
- Gynoecium
- Number of carpel
- Fusion of carpels
- Number of locules
- Extension of the condensed internode of the receptacle
- Ovary position
- Perianth / Androecial position on thalamus
- Construction of Floral Diagram and Floral Formula
- Fruits
- Structure of Fruit
- Types of Fruit
- Simple Fruits
- Aggregate Fruits
- Multiple or Composite Fruit
- Functions of Fruit
5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany
- Taxonomy and Systematics
- Taxonomy
- Systematics
- Classification of Taxonomy
- Plant Taxonomy
- Animal Taxonomy
- Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Taxon
- Concept of Species-morphological, Biological and Phylogenetic
- Types of Species
- Morphological Species (Taxonomic species)
- Biological Species (Isolation Species)
- Phylogenetic Species
- International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
- ICN Principles
- Codes of Nomenclature
- Vernacular names (Common names)
- Scientific Names / Botanical Names
- Type Concept
- Taxonomical Aids
- Taxonomical Aids
- Usage of Taxonomical Aids
- Herbarium
- Botanical Gardens
- Biological museums
- Zoological Parks
- Key
- Molecular taxonomy
- Automated species identification tools
- Herbarium – Preparation and Uses
- Preparation of herbarium Specimen
- Uses of Herbarium
- Classification of Plants
- Need for Classification
- Types of Classification
- Artificial system of classification
- Natural system
- Phylogenetic system of classification
- Angiosperm phylogeny group (APG) classification
- Modern Trends in Taxonomy
- Chemotaxonomy
- Biosystematics
- Karyotaxonomy
- Serotaxonomy (Immunotaxonomy)
- Molecular taxonomy (molecular systematics / molecular phylogenetics)
- DNA Barcoding
- Differences between classical and modern taxonomy
- Cladistics
- Selected Families of Angiosperms
- Family: Fabaceae (Pea family)
- Family: Solanaceae (Potato Family / Night shade family)
- Family: Liliaceae (Lily Family)
6 Cell: the Unit of Life
- Discovery
- Microscopy
- Bright field Microscope
- Electron Microscope
- Cell Theory
- Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
- Exception to Cell Theory
- Protoplasm Theory
- Cell sizes and shapes
- Types of Cells
- Explanation
- Example
- Plant Cell Vs Animal Cell
- Structure of the Cell > Nucleus: “Brain” of the Cell
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Definition: Chromatin Fibres
- Key Points: Nucleus
- Flagella
- Prokaryotic Flagellum
- Eukaryotic Flagellum– Cell Motility
- Cytological Techniques
- Preparation of Slides
- Recording the Observations
- Staining Techniques
7 Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle - "Divide, Grow and Redivide"
- Definition: Cell Cycle
- Key Points: Cell Cycle
- Cell Division: an Essential Life Process
- Key Points: Cell Division
- Mitosis Vs Meiosis
- Mitogens
- Mitotic Poisons (Mitotic Inhibitors)
- Endomitosis
- Anastral
- Amphiastral
8 Biomolecules
- Water
- Chemistry of Water
- Properties of Water
- Primary and Secondary Metabolites
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Carbohydrates
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Lipids
- Lipids
- Saturated fatty acids
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Simple Lipids
- Compound lipids
- Sterols
- Biological importance of lipids
- Proteins
- Proteins
- Based on our nutritional requirements, amino acids are classified as:
1) Non-essential amino acids
2) Essential amino acids - Functions of proteins
- Bonding and protein structure
1) Peptide bond of proteins or polypeptides - Classification of proteins
1) Primary (Basic) structures
2) Secondary structure
3) Tertiary structure
4) Quaternary structure - Amino acids
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Enzymes
- Enzymes
- Properties of Enzymes
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Nucleic Acids
9 Tissue and Tissue System
- Meristems or Meristematic Tissues
- Introduction
- Types of Meristematic Tissue
- Permanent Tissue
- Tissue System
- Epidermal tissue system
- Ground tissue system
- Vascular tissue system
- Introduction to Tissue System, Types and Characteristics of tissue System
- Epidermal Tissue System
- Introduction
- Leaf Epidermis
- Subsidiary Cells
- Epidermal Outgrowths
- Prickles
- Vascular Tissue System
- Fundamental Tissue System
- Extrastelar Ground Tissue
- Intrastelar Ground Tissue
- Different Components of Ground Tissue Systems
- Endodermis
- Pericycle
- Pith or Medulla
- Comparison of Primary Structure – Dicot and Monocot Root, Stem and Leaf
- Primary Structure of Dicot Root – Bean Root
- Piliferous Layer or Epiblema
- Cortex
- Stele
- Pericycle
- Vascular System
- Primary Structure of Monocot
- Root-maize Root
- Primary Structure of Monocot
10 Secondary Growth
- Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem
- Vascular Cambium
- Origin and Formation of Vascular
- Organization of Vascular Cambium
- Storied (Stratified cambium) and Non-Storied (Non-stratified cambium)
- Activity of Vascular Cambium
- Dendroclimatology
- Tyloses
- Secondary Phloem
- Periderm
- Bark
- Lenticel
- Secondary Growth in Dicot Root
- Differences Between Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem and Root
- Cambial Variants (Anomalous Secondary Growth)
- Anomalous position of Vascular Cambium
- Abnormal behavior of Normal Cambium
- Successive Cambium
- Interxylary or Included Phloem
- Presence of medullary bundles along with normal cambial activity
- Presence of Cortial Bundles along with normal cambial activity
- Intarxylary or Internal Phloem
- Secondary Growth in Monocot
- Anomalous Primary Growth
- Timber
- Seasoning of wood
- Grain, Texture, and Figure of wood
11 Transport in Plants
- Types of Transport
- Surface Transport
- Pack Animals
- Bullock Carts
- Road Transport
- Motor Lorries and Buses
- Tramways
- Railway Transport
- Water Transport
- Inland Waterways
- Ocean Waterways
- Air Transport
- Cell to Cell Transport
- Passive Transport
- Characteristics of diffusion
- Significance of diffusion in Plants
- Channel Protein
- Carrier Protein
- Active Transport
- Plant Water Relation
- Absorption of Water
- Absorption of Water
- Path of Water Across Root Cells
- Mechanism of Water Absorption
- Forces Contributing to Ascent of Sap
- Concept of Transpiration
- Definition: Transpiration
- Translocation of Organic Solutes
- Path of Translocation
- Ringing or girdling experiment
- Direction of Translocation
- Source and Sink
- Phloem Loading
- Phloem Unloading
- Mechanism of Translocation
- Mineral Absorption
- Passive Absorption
- Active Absorption
- Donnan equilibrium
12 Mineral Nutrition
- Classification of Minerals
- Functions, Mode of Absorption and Deficiency Symptoms of Macronutrients
- Functions, Mode of Absorption and Deficiency Symptoms of Micronutrients
- Deficiency Diseases and Symptoms
- Critical Concentration and Toxicity of Minerals
- Critical Concentration
- Mineral Toxicity
- Hydroponics and Aeroponics
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Non – Biological nitrogen fixation
- Biological nitrogen fixation
- Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
- Special Modes of Nutrition
- Saprophytic mode of nutrition in angiosperms
- Parasitic mode of nutrition in angiosperms
- Symbiotic mode of Nutrition
- Insectivorous mode of nutrition
13 Photosynthesis
- Historical Events in Photosynthesis
- Photosynthetic Pigments
- Chlorophyll
- Phycobilins
- Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation
- Photosynthetic Unit (Quantasome)
- Absorption Spectrum and Action Spectrum
- Absorption Spectrum
- Action Spectrum
- Emerson’s Experiments and Hill’s Reaction
- Red Drop or Emerson’s First Effect
- Emerson’s Enhancement Effect
- Hill’s Reaction
- Concept of Photosynthesis
- Definition: Photosynthesis
- Explanation
- Photo-oxidation Phase of Light Reaction
- Photosystem and Reaction Centre
- Photo Chemical Phase of Light Reaction
- Photolysis of Water
- Electron Transport Chain of Chloroplast
- Process of Photosynthesis
- Photophosphorylation
- Photophosphorylation
- Forms of Photophosphorylation
- Cyclic photophosphorylation
- Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
- Photophosphorylation
- Dark Reaction or C3 Cycle or Biosynthetic Phase or Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR)Cycle
- Phase 1- Carboxylation (Fixation)
- Phase 2 – Glycolytic Reversal / Reduction
- Phase 3 – Regeneration
- Hatch and Slack Pathway or C4 Cycle or Dicarboxylic Acid Pathway or Dicarboxylation Pathway
- Stage: I Mesophyll Cells
- Stage: II Bundle Sheath Cells
- Significance of C4 cycle
- Crassulacean Acid Metabolism or CAM Cycle
- Photorespiration or C2 Cycle or Photosynthetic Carbon Oxidation (PCO) Cycle
- Significance of photorespiration
- Carbon Dioxide Compensation Point
- Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis in Bacteria
14 Respiration
- Gaseous Exchange in plants
- Respiration
- Compensation point
- Structure of ATP
- Redox Reactions
- Classical ideas of redox reactions
- Redox reaction in terms of electron transfer
- Stages of Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation (Link reaction)
- Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)(Terminal oxidation)
- Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.)
- Cellular Respiration
- Definition: Aerobic Respiration
- Definition: Anaerobic Respiration
- Key Points: Cellular Respiration
- Factors Affecting Respiration
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Phospho Gluconate Pathway)
15 Plant Growth and Development
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Cytokinins (Cytos – cell, Kinesis – division)
- Ethylene (Gaseous Phytohormone)
- Abscisic Acid (ABA) (Stress Phyto hormone)
- Plant Movements
- Vital movements
- Physical Movement (Hygroscopic Movements)
- Photoperiodism
- Vernalization (Yarovization)
- Vernalization
- Advantages of vernalization
- Senescence
- Stress Physiology
- Biotic Stresses
- Abiotic Stresses
