CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus - Free PDF Download
CISCE Syllabus 2026-27 Class 12: The CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus for the examination year 2026-27 has been released by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, CISCE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2026-27 CISCE Class 12 Geography Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CISCE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus for 2026-27 is below.
Academic year:
CISCE Class 12 Geography Revised Syllabus
CISCE Class 12 Geography Course Structure 2026-27 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
🞽 Part I India in the World's Context
1: Unit I Physical Environment [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
1 Locational Setting of India [Revision]
- Locational Setting: Area, Latitudinal and Longitudinal Extent of India
- Importance of India's Location
- Comparison with China
- Comparison with Australia
- Overview of Locational Setting of India
2 Geological Evolution and Structure [Revision]
- Geological History
- Some Basic Definitions
- Geological Units
- Difference between the Peninsular Plateaus and the Himalayan Mountains
- Geological Formations of India
- Overview of Geological Evolution and Structure
3 Relief [Revision]
- The Himalayan Mountain Complex
- Introduction
- The Great Himalayas or the Inner Himalayas
- The Lesser or the Middle Himalayas
- The Outer Himalayas or the Sub-Himalayas or the Shiwalik Range
- Western Himalayas VS Eastern Himalayas
- Regional Divisions of the Himalayas
- Significance of the Himalayas
- The Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain
- Comparison of Plains in Northern India
- Difference between Bhabar and Tarai
- Difference between Bhangar and Khadar
- Regional Divisions of the Plain
- Significance of the Plain
- Western Ghats VS Eastern Ghats
- Physical Division of India > The Peninsula
- Introduction
- The Malwa Plateau
- The Deccan Plateau
- Chotanagpur Plateau
- Regions of the Peninsular Plateau
- Physical Division of India > The Coastal Plains
- Physical Division of India > The Island Group
- Introduction
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Lakshadweep Islands
- Difference between Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands
- Overview of Relief
4 Drainage [Revision]
- Evolution of the Indian River System
- The Himalayan River System
- The Indus Drainage System
- The Ganga Drainage System
- The Brahmaputra Drainage System
- The Himalayan River System
- The Peninsular Rivers
- Rivers flowing in the Bay of Bengal
- Rivers flowing in the Arabian Sea
- Differences between the Himalayan and the Peninsular River Systems
- Overview of Drainage
5 Climate [Revision]
- Factors Affecting India's Weather and Climate
- The Concept of Monsoon
- Mechanism of Monsoon
- Indian Monsoonal Regime
- The Rhythm of Seasons
- The Winter Season
- The Summer Season
- The Rainy Season
- The Season of Retreating Monsoon
- Annual Rainfall
- Introduction
- Variability of Annual Rainfall
- Incidence of Drought and Floods
- Drought
- Drought Management Strategies in India
- Floods
- Flood Control Measures and Forecasting in India
- Temperature and Rainfall Graphs
- Overview of Climate
6 Natural Vegetation [Revision]
- Introduction of Natural Vegetation
- Major Types of Vegetation in India
- Impact of Human Activity on Vegetation
- Introduction
- Forest Cover in India
- Development of Forestry
- Forest Policy and Law
- Forest Conservation
- Introduction
- Chipko Movement
- Integrated Forest Protection Scheme (IFPS)
- Overview of Natural Vegetation
2: Unit II Population and Human Settlements [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
7 Population [Revision]
- India's Population Compared with Other Major Countries
- Census of Population
- Distribution of Population in India
- Density of Population
- Introduction
- State Level Analysis
- Index of Concentration
- Introduction
- Factors Affecting the Distribution and Density of Population
- Growth of Population: Basic Concepts
- Introduction
- Population Growth Since 1901
- Regional Variations in Population Growth
- Implications of Population Growth for Development
- Population Increase and Environmental Degradation
- Population Increase and Ecological Imbalance
- Overview of Population
8 Migration Trends [Revision]
- Basic Concept of Migration Trends
- Introduction
- Migration and Census of India
- Definition
- Types of Migration
- Out-Migration
- Introduction
- Three Waves of Indian Diaspora
- Partition of the Indian Subcontinent and International Migration
- In-Migration
- Introduction
- Refugee Influx into India
- Internal Migration
- Magnitude and Patterns of Migration
- Reasons for Migration
- 'Pull' and 'Push' Factors
- Out-Migration
- Consequences of Migration
- Economic Consequences
- Demographic Consequences
- Social Consequences
- Environmental Consequences
- Others
- Migration Streams
- Introduction
- Rural-to-Rural
- Rural-to-Urban
- Urban-to-Urban and Urban-to-Rural
- Overview of Migration Trends
9 Demographic Attributes [Revision]
- Concept of Demographic Attributes
- Introduction
- Definition
- Rural-Urban Population
- Introduction
- Distribution of Rural Population
- Urban Population
- Urbanisation in India
- Urbanization
- Distinct Phases of Urban Growth in India
- Sex Composition
- Age Composition
- Literacy
- Working Population
- Main Workers
- Marginal Workers
- Occupation
- Introduction
- Implications of Demographic Attributes for Development
- Overview of Demographic Attributes
10 Rural Settlements [Revision]
- Settlments
- Types of Settlements
- Concept of Rural Settlements
- Factors Determining the Types of Rural Settlements
- Distribution of Rural Settlements in India
- Settlement Patterns in India
- Introduction
- Size and Number of Villages in India
- Types and Patterns of Rural Settlements in India
- Rural Settlements in Hill Areas
- Rural Settlements in Plains
- Rural Settlements in Coastal Location
- Overview of Rural Settlements
11 Urban Settlements [Revision]
- Types of Settlements
- Concept of Urban Settlements
- Definition
- Introduction
- Urban Areas
- Concept of Urban Settlements
- Factors Influencing Location and Growth of Urban Centres in India
- Problems Resulting from the Growth of Large Cities
- Urbanisation in India
- Urbanization
- Distinct Phases of Urban Growth in India
- Metropolization (or Metropolitanization)
- Overview of Urban Settlements
3: Unit III Resources of India and Their Utilisation [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
12 Environmental Management and Land Use Pattern [Revision]
- Need for Environmental Management Concerning Development
- Land Use Pattern in India
- Introduction
- Quality of Cultivable Land
- Size of Land Holdings
- Overview of Environmental Management and Land Use Pattern
13 Water Resources and Types of Irrigation [Revision]
- Water Resources of India
- Introduction
- Surface Water
- Groundwater
- Lagoons and Backwaters
- Water Demand and Utilisation
- Emerging Water Problems
- Conservation of Water Resources
- Introduction
- Prevention of Water Pollution
- Recycle and Reuse of Water
- Watershed Management
- Rainwater Harvesting
- National Water Policy of India-2002
- Irrigation
- Means of Irrigation
- Primitive Methods
- Introduction
- Wells
- Tank
- Inundation Canals
- Modern Methods
- Introduction
- Tube-Wells
- Canals
- Sprinkler Irrigation
- Primitive Methods
- Dangers of Overwatering
- Overview of Water Resources and Types of Irrigation
14 Agriculture [Revision]
- Wet and Dry Agriculture
- Crop Rotation
- Crop Combination
- Cropping Intensity
- Problems of Indian Agriculture and Their Solution
- Uses of Technology in Agriculture (Modern Inputs)
- Scope of the Green Revolution
- Impact of the Green Revolution
- Demerits or Problems of the Green Revolution
- Suggestions For the Stability of the Green Revolution
- Introduction
- Second Green Revolution
- Strategies for the Second Green Revolution
- Crop Seasons
- Major Crops: Food Crops
- Major Crops: Commercial and Industrial Crops
- Tea
- Comparison with Sri Lanka
- Coffee
- Cotton
- Comparison with Pakistan
- Jute
- Comparison with Bangladesh
- Sugarcane
- Comparison with China
- Oilseeds
- Groundnut
- Coconut
- Comparison with Sri Lanka
- Market Gardening
- Overview of Agriculture
15 Fisheries [Revision]
- Introduction to Fisheries
- Fish Production in India
- Marine Fisheries
- Fresh Water or Inland Fisheries
- Introduction
- Distribution
- Trade
- Programme for the Development of Fisheries
- Fishing in Japan
- Introduction
- In-shore Fishing
- Deep Sea Fishing
- Fish Farming
- Fishing in Bangladesh
- Introduction
- Fishing Methods
- Types of Fishing
- Fishing Grounds
- Fish Conservation
- Need for Fish Conservation
- Methods of Fish Conservation
- Overview of Fisheries
16 Minerals and Power Resources [Revision]
- Minerals
- Distribution of Minerals in India
- Metallic Minerals (Ferrous)
- Iron Ore
- Manganese
- Mica
- Bauxite
- Power Resources
- Conventional Sources of Energy
- Firewood
- Coal
- Varieties of Coal
- Occurrence of Coal in India
- Production and Distribution
- Lignite
- Oil and Natural Gas
- Introducton
- Distribution of Oil Fields
- Imports of Petroleum
- Natural Gas
- Power Generation in India
- Introducton
- Thermal Power
- Hydroelectric Power
- Important Hydroelectric Plants in Different States of India
- Nuclear Power
- Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
- Overview of Minerals and Power Resources
4: Unit IV Infrastructural Resources [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
- Types of Transport > Railways
17 Transport and Communication [Revision]
- Types of Business Services
- Communication
- Types of Transport > Railways
- Types of Transport > Roadways
- Classification of Roads
- National Highways
- State Highways
- District Roadways
- Rural Roads
- Urban Roads
- Border Roads
- Geographical Distribution of Roads
- Density of Roads
- Modes of Transport
- Water Transport
- Introduction
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Air Transport
-
Introduction
-
Advantages
-
Disadvantages
-
- Water Transport
- Pipelines
- Harbours and Ports
- Personal Communication
- Postal Services
- Mail System
- Telecommunication
- Geographic Information System (GIS)
- Mass Communication
- Introduction
- Prasar Bharati
- Radio
- Doordarshan
- Cinema
- Satellites
- Computers
- Importance of Infrastructure as Key to the Development of Industrial Economy
- Overview of Transport and Communication
18 Industries [Revision]
- Introduction to Industries
- Types of Industries
- Industrial Clusters
- Introduction
- Major Industrial Regions
- Minor Industrial Regions
- Factors Affecting The Location Of Industries
- Agro-Based Industries
- Readymade Garments
- Agro-Based Industries > Sugar Industry
- Introduction
- Products and By-Products
- Distribution of Sugar Industry In India
- Centres of Sugar Industry
- Sugar Industry-North India VS Sugar Industry-Peninsular India
- Problems faced by Sugar Industry in India
- Agro-Based Industries > Cotton Textile Industry
- Introduction
- Growth of Textile Industry in India
- Location of Cotton Textile Industry in India
- Production
- Distribution of Cotton Textile Industry in India
- Mineral Based Industries
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Introduction
- Growth of Iron and Steel Industry in India
- Locational Factors
- Aluminium Smelting
- Introduction
- Growth and Development
- Cement Industry
- Introduction
- Locational Factors
- Growth of Cement Industry
- Distribution and Exports
- Transport Equipment
- Railway Equipment
- Automobile Industry
- Air-Craft Industry
- Petrochemicals
- Polymers
- Synthetic Fibers
- Oil Refineries
- Fertilizers
- Production and Distribution
- Public Sector Undertakings
- Co-operative and Private Sector with Imports
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Overview of Industries
19 Tourism Industry [Revision]
- Concept of Tourism Industry
- Growth of Tourism in India
- Employment Opportunities in Tourism
- Places of Tourist Interest
- Introduction
- The Himalayan Region
- The Great Plain of North India
- The Peninsular Plateau and the Coastal Plains
- Islands
- Problems and Prospects
- Tourism and Environment
- Overview of Tourism Industry
5: Unit V Regional Economic Development [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
20 Regional Economic Development (Case Studies) [Revision]
- Development: Meaning and Perspectives
- Multi-Level Planning
- Introduction
- Planning Regions
- Hierarchy of Planning Regions
- Chhattisgarh Regions
- Introduction
- Mining
- Silk Industry
- Farming
- Electronics Industry in Bangaluru
- Growth of Haldia Port
- Overview of Regional Economic Development (Case Studies)
1 Scales [Revision]
- Conversion Between Statement of Scale and Representative Fraction (R.F.)
- Construction of Graphical Scale
- Overview of Scales
2 Representation of Relief [Revision]
- Methods of Representing Relief on Maps
- Introduction
- Vertical Interval and Horizontal Equivalent
- Precautions for Drawing Contours
- Interpolation of Contours
- Methods of Drawing a Profile
- Representation of Slopes by Contours
- Introduction
- Representation of Relief Features by Contours
- Overview of Representation of Relief
3 Study and Interpretation of Topographical Maps [Revision]
- Topographical Maps
- Definition
- Introduction
- Interpretation of Topographical Maps
- Development of Topographical Maps in India
- Nomenclature and Numbering of Topographical Sheets
- Summary of Topo-Sheets Published by Survey of India
- Conventional Signs and Symbols used in Topographical Maps
- Interpretation of Topographical Maps
- Introduction
- Headings for Topographical Map Interpretation
- Study and Interpretation of Some Selected Topographical Maps
- Types of Business Services
- Nature of Occupation
- Geographical Interpretation of Topographical Map Sheet No. 53H/3
- Overview of Study and Interpretation of Topographical Maps
4 Geographical Information System (GIS) [Revision]
- Spatial Information Technology
- Introduction
- Forms of Geographical Information
- Advantages of GIS over Manual Method
- Components of GIS
- Spatial Data Formats
- Raster Data Format
- Vector Data Format
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Raster Data Structure
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Vector Data Structure
- Sequence of GIS Activities
- Spatial data input
- Entering the attribute data
- Data verification and editing
- Spatial and attribute data linkages
- Spatial analysis
- Overview of Geographical Information System (GIS)
5 Remote Sensing [Revision]
- Introduction to Remote Sensing
- Electromagnetic Spectrum and Energy
- Introduction
- Electromagnetic Energy
- Sensing Systems
- Effects of the Atmosphere
- Zones of Remote Sensing
- Zones
- Photography
- Remote Sensing from Spacecrafts
- Application of Remote Sensing in Geography
- Application of Remote Sensing in India
- Geology and Mineral Resources
- Overview of Remote Sensing
6 Surveying [Revision]
- Concept of Surveying
- Definition
- Types of Survey
- Plane Table Survey
- Introduction
- Instruments used in a Plane Table Survey
- Precautions for Conducting Plane Table Survey
- Methods of Plane Table Survey
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Survey
- Overview of Surveying
7 Project Work [Revision]
- Importance of Field Work in Geography
- Outline or Planning for the Field Work
- Stages of Survey
- Introduction
- Agricultural Land Use Survey
- Household Survey
- Study of A Manufacturing Industry
- Overview of Project Work
