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The diagram given below represents the schematic structure of proinsulin, which undergoes certain modifications before it becomes a fully functional insulin.
Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow:

- State the change the proinsulin undergoes to become fully functional.
- Name the modern scientific technique used for the production of human insulin.
- How are the two polypeptide chains of the fully functional insulin held together?
Concept: Applications of Biotechnology in Health and Medicine
How many cycles of PCR are required to produce 250 molecules of DNA, starting with a single parental strand?
Concept: Applications of Biotechnology in Health and Medicine
Name the technique used to detect the presence of HIV in the body of an individual, Justify the principle associated with this technique.
Concept: Applications of Biotechnology in Health and Medicine
Define the Stenothermal organisms.
Concept: Population Interactions
Mention the scientific name of protozoan parasite that causes Amoebiasis.
Concept: Population Interactions
The diagram given below shows the life cycle of a malarial parasite. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follows:

- Name the hosts in which the asexual phase and sexual phase of the life cycle takes place.
- Identify the infective stage labelled ‘D’.
- Name the structure labelled ‘A’ and ‘E’.
- Give any one symptom of malaria.
Concept: Population Interactions
Some orchids live on the branches of mango trees. Name the type of interaction that exists between the mango tree and the orchid.
Concept: Population Interactions
What happens to an inferior competitor if a superior competitor is present in the same environment?
Concept: Population Interactions
What happens to an inferior competitor if the superior competitor is removed from the environment?
Concept: Population Interactions
Which organisms constitute the last trophic level?
Concept: Ecological Pyramids
Answer the following question:
Why do Green plants start evolving CO2 instead of O2, at high temperatures?
Concept: Ecological Services
Give a reason for each the following:
Climax stage is achieved quickly in secondary succession as compared to primary succession.
Concept: Biotic or Ecological Succession
Give a graphic representation of the Hatch Slack or C4 cycle.
Concept: Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
With reference to the levels of an organisation, differentiate between living organisms and non-living objects.
Concept: Ecological Pyramids
Give a graphic representation of the C3 cycle.
Concept: Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
Based on the table given below, identify the type of natural selection taking place.
| Size of the seeds | % of germination |
| Small | 75% |
| Medium | 15% |
| Large | 75% |
Concept: Ecological Services
Given below are the features of Seed A and Seed B. Study them carefully and answer the question that follows.
| SEED A | Papery endosperm, swollen cotyledon, perisperm develops from nucellus, suspensor, haustoria substitute endosperm. |
| SEED B | Swollen endosperm, papery cotyledons or absent, perisperm does not develop from nucellus, suspensor and haustoria do not substitute endosperm. |
Identify the type of Seed A and Seed B. Cite one example of each of Seed A and Seed B.
Concept: Ecological Services
| In a forest ecosystem, a large population of insect feeds upon a banyan tree. Several small birds feed upon these insects. The small birds are fed upon by big-sized birds. |
- With respect to this ecosystem, draw a pyramid for each biomass and a pyramid of number.
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If 20,000 Kcal energy is available at the level of insects, calculate the amount of energy available at the level of big-sized birds.
Concept: Ecological Pyramids
Give one significant contribution of the given scientist
E. Wilson
Concept: Biodiversity
