Key Points
Key Points: Controlling
- Controlling ensures activities are performed as per plans.
- Resources must be used effectively and efficiently.
- It is goal-oriented and applies to all types of organisations.
- It is pervasive - relevant at top, middle, and lower management levels.
- It is not merely the last step; it completes the management cycle.
- It compares performance with standards, analyses deviations, and enables corrective action.
- Corrective outcomes from controlling feed back into and improve future planning.
Key Points: Relationship Between Planning and Controlling
- Planning sets standards; controlling measures performance and corrects deviations.
- Planning is necessary for controlling; without plans there is no basis for control.
- Planning is prescriptive and forward-looking; controlling is evaluative and mainly backward-looking.
- Both functions use past experience and feedback, and they continuously support and strengthen each other.
