Question

Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:

Decentralisation in India The need for decentralisation was recognised in our Constitution. Since then, there have been several attempts to decentralise power to the level of villages and towns. Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas were set up in all the States. But these were directly under the control of state governments. Elections to these local governments were not held regularly. Local governments did not have any powers or resources of their own. Thus, there was very little decentralisation in effective terms. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. The Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

1. At how many levels has decentralisation of power been done in the Indian Constitution? 1
2. Explain the role of local self-government in solving problems. 1
3. “Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely local self-government.” Explain the statement. 2

Answer 1

1. The Indian Constitution provides for decentralisation of power at three levels: the Union (central government), the States, and the local level. The 1992 Constitutional Amendments, notably the 73^rd and 74^th Amendments, enhanced the third tier by empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies, giving them greater autonomy and effectiveness in local governance, resulting in a three-tier federal framework.
2. Local self-government is essential for problem solving since it efficiently addresses local requirements. Panchayats and municipalities understand community-specific challenges including water supply, sanitation, and local infrastructure and may develop customised solutions. For example, a local Panchayat may prioritise drilling a well to overcome water scarcity. Local bodies are closer to the people, allowing for participatory decision-making, swift implementation, and accountability. The 1992 amendments provided these entities with funding and authority, allowing them to address grassroots issues such as poverty and education while promoting equitable growth.
3. Local government is the most effective means to implement the principle of local self-governance because it allows communities to govern themselves, ensuring democratic participation at the grassroots level. Panchayats and municipalities allow citizens to vote for representatives who solve local issues such as water, roads, and education, promoting accountability and inclusion. The 1992 Constitutional changes strengthened this by granting financial and administrative autonomy, which allows for more effective decision-making. For example, in India, village Panchayats administer policies such as MGNREGA that directly benefit residents, thereby reflecting democratic concepts of participation, representation, and responsiveness.