Question

Name the type of immunity that is present at the time of birth in humans. Explain any two ways by which it is accomplished.

Answer 1

The type of immunity present at the time of birth in humans is called natural passive immunity. Two ways by which this immunity is accomplished are:

1. Transfer through the placenta: Antibodies (mainly IgG) from the mother’s blood cross the placenta and enter the fetus's bloodstream, providing protection against infections that the mother is immune to.
2. Colostrum feeding: The first milk produced by the mother, called colostrum, is rich in antibodies (mainly IgA). When the newborn ingests colostrum, these antibodies are absorbed by the infant’s intestine and help protect against infections, especially in the gut.