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प्रश्न
Explain the various types of acquired immunity.
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उत्तर
The resistance that an individual acquires during life is known as Acquired immunity or Adaptive or Specific immunity. It involves the formation of antibodies in the body, which neutralize the antigens. Acquired immunity is of two types Active and Passive.
i. Active immunity: It is the resistance developed by individuals as a result of an antigenic stimulus (exposure to antigen). It also known as “Adaptive immunity”. Active immunity may be natural or artificial.
- Natural Acquired Active immunity: Immunity acquired due to infection is called natural active immunity. It is developed after entry of pathogens in the body. It is long-lasting immunity. e.g. Person who has recovered from attack of measles develops natural acquired active immunity to measles, for the life time.
- Artificial Acquired Active immunity: It is the resistance induced by vaccines. Vaccine is introduced into the body to stimulate the formation of antibodies by the immune system. e.g. Polio vaccine, BCG vaccine etc. such immunity may be temporary or permanent.
ii. Passive immunity: Passive immunity is acquired when ready-made antibodies are received by the body cells. i.e. Body cells do not take any active part in the production of immunity. Passive immunity can be acquired either naturally or artificially.
- Natural Acquired Passive immunity: Before birth maternal antibodies are transferred from mother to foetus through placenta. After birth, antibodies are transferred from mother to infant through colostrum (first milk of mother) and continue throughout the period of breast feeding. The antibodies received by baby from mother remain in the body for a short time. Therefore, natural acquired passive immunity is short lived.
- Artificially Acquired Passive immunity: This immunity is developed by injecting previously prepared antibodies using serum from humans or animals. e.g. Antibodies obtained from hyper immunised horses are injected to humans against rabies pathogens. It is short lived.
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संबंधित प्रश्न
A heavily bleeding and bruised road accident victim was brought to a nursing home. The doctor immediately gave him an injection to protect him against a deadly disease.
- Write what did the doctor inject into the patient’s body.
- How do you think this injection would protect the patient against the disease?
- Name the disease against which this injection was given and the kind of immunity it provides.
Suggest a method to ensure an anamnestic response in humans.
State the role of the thymus as a lymphoid organ. Name the cells that are released from it and mention their function.
Enlist the four types of T- lymphocytes, responsible for immune response of our body.
Enlist any four barriers that contribute to innate immunity.
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are derived from ____________.
______ is secreted by killer T - cells.
All are forms of vaccines, EXCEPT ______.
Match column I with column II and choose the correct option.
| Column I | Column II | ||
| i. | Specificity | a. | Lymphocytes produced against each particular foreign molecule |
| ii. | Diversity | b. | Self-cells are not attacked by immune system of the own body |
| iii. | Memory | c. | Immune system works against multiple pathogens |
| iv. | Discrimination between self and non-self | d. | Stronger immune response on second encounter |
Which scientist is associated with the concept of immunity and developed the cowpox vaccine for protection against smallpox?
